Unit 8: Lecture 4 Anti-War Movements

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Unit 8 Lecture 4Anti-War Movements Other
Civil Rights Movements

• Feminist Movement
• Chicano Movement
• LGBT Movement

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Chapter 161960s Counterculture the Anti-War
Movement
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The Anti-War Movement

• When the war in Vietnam began, many Americans
  believed that defending South Vietnam from
  communist aggression was in the national
  interest. Communism was threatening free
  governments across the globe. Any sign of
  non-intervention from the United States might
  encourage revolutions elsewhere.
• As the war dragged on, more and more Americans
  grew weary of mounting casualties and escalating
  costs. The small antiwar movement grew into an
  unstoppable force, pressuring American leaders to
  reconsider its commitment
• The Cold War turned hot in Vietnam, and it along
  with a conservative U.S. government represented
  something that Americas youth was ready to let
  go of. Combined with the changing counterculture
  Americas values were shifting into something
  new.

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What was the Counterculture

• The 1960s were a period when long-held values and
  norms of behavior seemed to break down,
  particularly among the young. Many college-age
  men and women became political activists and were
  the driving force behind the civil rights and
  antiwar movements. Other young people simply
  dropped out and separated themselves from
  mainstream culture through their appearance and
  lifestyle. Attitudes toward sexuality appeared to
  loosen, and women began to openly protest the
  traditional roles of housewife and mother that
  society had assigned to them.
• How did it start?
• The post WWII Baby Boomers filled College
  Campuses and questioned the traditional ideas
  about American culture from fashion to politics
  to relationships.
• Inspired by the beat movement emphasizing freedom
  from materialism, the Civil Rights Movement
  pushed idea of social political protest, the
  Vietnam Anti-War movement united a generation of
  young Americans

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Who were the hippies and what did they want?

• The term hippy comes from being hip You were
  either hip and broke traditional ways of living
  in American or you were a square conservative
  American, or a pigpolice.
• A generation of Americans who rejected
  established institutions, criticized middle class
  values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam
  War, embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy,
  championed sexual liberation, were often
  vegetarian and eco-friendly, promoted the use of
  psychedelic drugs which they believed expanded
  one's mind.
• Hippies wanted to distance themselves from
  mainstream ways of life.
• They discarded possessions and often lived in
  parks or campsites in the woods.
• Living like this made them feel free
• Nudity was another form of freedom

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What did people experience if they were apart of
the counterculture?

• Communes
• Shared responsibility
• Rural living
• Free Love Birth Control Pill
• No STDs

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What were the negative or dangerous aspects of
C.C.?

• Drugs like marijuana and LSD were a big part of
  the hippy/counterculture movement.
• Using drugs made hippies feel like the were
  rebelling from mainstream society.
• People thought drugs were a way to expand the
  potential of the human mind to see the world in a
  new way.
• Americans did not know that drugs were physically
  damaging, literally frying their brains.

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What were the negative or dangerous aspects of
C.C.?

• LSD Acid was created by a Swiss scientist, to
  be used as a blood stimulant, it was found to
  produce intense hallucinations. Psychiatrists
  thought the drug could be used to treat people
  with anxiety or depression.
• Timothy Leary (a Harvard professor of psychology)
  was an advocate of LSD.
• turn on to our way of living, tune in to what
  were saying and drop out of what society says
  you should be doing.
• The CIA also experimented with the drug to test
  its use as a weapon before it became illegal.

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The Place to be the Thing to do

• Hippies distanced themselves from mainstream
  culture by their dress.
• Colorful, flowing clothing, beads, headbands
  bellbottoms, and tie-dye were popular.
• Men wore their hair and beards long or in afros.
  
• Hippies were often called longhairs

• San Francisco was the birthplace of the
  counterculture/hippy movement.
• By 1965 hippies had taken over the Haight
  Ashbury district.
• Haight Ashbury district contains Golden Gate
  Park home of the Trips Festival and be-ins.

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Hippie Music

• The most popular music of the time was
  psychedelic rock
• Bands like Jefferson Airplane, Quicksilver
  Messenger Service, the Jimi Hendrix Experience
  and the Grateful Dead played free concerts at
  Golden Gate Park.
• Concerts and be-ins were places for hippies to
  protest, socialize, dance, or take drugs.
• At Woodstock over 250,000 hippies showed up to
  hear artists like Janis Joplin, The Who, Canned
  Heat, The Allman Brothers, and County Joe and the
  Fish.

• Woodstock was not just a music concert. For
  thousands who couldnt even hear the music it
  was a profound religious experience.
• Meager resources were shared with everyone.
• Many people at Woodstock used illegal drugs

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How did the counterculture become political?

• Youth International Party Yippies
• encouraged young people to get involved and
  influence politics, not just complain about it.
• Founded by Abbie Hoffman Jerry Rubin
• A Yippie flag was designed and was frequently
  seen at anti-war demonstrations
• Not taken seriously
• Most ignored the Yippies for their street theater
  press conferences and politically themes pranks
  designed solely to gather publicity.

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Legacy of the counterculture

• How did the counter culture impact Americans in
  the 1960s?
• It was a failed cultural experiment, which left
  an entire generation proud of the social changes
  they accomplish scarred by effects of drugs
  war.
• Why did the Counter Culture fall apart?
• The self destructive excesses of the counter
  culture and its lack of focus on a common vision
  led to its disintegration

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Who led the Anti-War Movement?

• Peace Movement mainly attracted middle-class
  college students.
• However, people were against the war for a
  variety of reasons.
• Chemicals used in Saturation bombing was harmful
  to the Environment
• Some believe the U.S. was being hypocritical not
  letting a Communist leader Ho Chi Minh be elected
  by the people of Vietnam.
• Some disagreed with the government spending money
  to support a War instead of further Great
  Society programs that could have helped
  Americans.
• PEACE MOVEMENT leaders opposed the war on moral
  and economic grounds. The North Vietnamese, they
  argued, were fighting a patriotic war to rid
  themselves of foreign aggressors. Innocent
  Vietnamese peasants were being killed in the
  crossfire. American planes wrought environmental
  damage by dropping their defoliating chemicals.

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How did the War become such a bitter issue that
divided the nation?

• The Draft another major source of resentment
  among college students. The age of the average
  American soldier serving in Vietnam was 19, seven
  years younger than its World War II counterpart.
  Students observed that young Americans were
  legally old enough to fight and die, but were not
  permitted to vote or drink alcohol. Such
  criticism led to the 26TH AMENDMENT, which
  granted suffrage to 18-year-olds.
• Because DRAFT DEFERMENTS were granted to college
  students, meaning you would not be drafted if you
  could afford to go to college.
• About 80 percent of American ground troops in
  Vietnam came from the lower classes. Latino and
  African American males were assigned to combat
  more regularly than drafted white Americans.

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Protest for Peace

• Antiwar demonstrations were few at first,
• As the Johnson Administration escalated the
  commitment, the peace movement grew.
• Television changed many minds. Millions of
  Americans watched body bags leave the Asian rice
  paddies every night in their living rooms.
• The late 1960s became increasingly radical as the
  activists felt their demands were ignored.
  Peaceful demonstrations turned violent. When the
  police arrived to arrest protesters, the crowds
  often retaliated. Students occupied buildings
  across college campuses forcing many schools to
  cancel classes. Roads were blocked and ROTC
  buildings were burned.

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Give Peace a Chance

• At KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, students rioted in
  protest. The burned down the ROTC building
  located on campus, and destroyed local property.
  The governor of Ohio sent the National Guard to
  maintain order. A state of high tension and
  confusion hung between the Guard and the
  students. Several soldiers fired their rifles,
  leading to deaths of four students and the
  wounding of several others. This became known as
  the Kent State massacre.
• Despite the growing antiwar movement, a silent
  majority of Americans still supported the Vietnam
  effort. Many admitted that involvement was a
  mistake, but military defeat was unthinkable.

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Chicano Movement
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Mexican American Movement

• Issues
• Cultural Identity
• United Farm Workers César Chávez
• Fighting Discrimination in Schools
• What is a Chicano?
• Chicano Someone who seeks to give Mexican
  Americans/latinos a fresh identity combining the
  elements of the ethnic/cultural identity with
  their status as American citizens.

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What was the focus of Chicano movement?

• Preserving and celebrating Cultural Identity
• Who did it effect?
• Latinos Peoples family origins are in
  Spanish-Speaking Latin American Countries.
• These peoples are from various countries, but
  share the same language, and some elements of
  culture.
• Activists encouraged the rejection of cultural
  assimilation.
• (Trying to fit in with White American culture)
• Speaking only English
• Not learning traditions or history of your ethnic
  culture.

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What organizations emerged to fight for change?

• There was no Mexican American organization
  equivalent of the National Association for the
  Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) or the
  National Urban League no Mexican American
  colleges and virtually no financial or other
  help from outside the community itself.
• Individual figures and communities organized and
  protested for change on specific issues that most
  greatly impacted them locally as opposed to
  federally.
• Nations Counsel La Raza traces its origins to
  the civil rights movement of the 1960s, as well
  as to previous efforts that preceded World War
  II, such as those related to early school and
  housing desegregation.
• Although Hispanics participated in both
  movements, they did not gain widespread media
  coverage or national visibility for their
  efforts.

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United Farm Workers

• César Chávez and Dolores Huerta attempted to
  unite migrant farm workers to fight against
  discrimination by forming a UnionThe United Farm
  Workers
• Migrant Farm Workers-people who go from farm to
  farm doing back breaking work for low pay, with
  their children not having access to education.
• The United Farm Workers fought for
• Better Working Conditions
• Better PAY
• Recognition of the Union.
• Non-violent tactic was to get consumers to
  boycott buying crops like grapes from non-union
  farms.
• It worked!

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California Students rally for change in public
schools!

• Students were inspired by the charismatic Chicano
  educator Sal Castro, a teacher at Theodore
  Roosevelt High School.
• After attending youth leadership conferences
  where they learned about the differences between
  Eastside and Westside schools, members of the
  Brown Berets and other student groups from
  Roosevelt, Wilson, Lincoln, Garfield, and Belmont
  high schools began organizing for change.

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• WALK OUT!

• In March of 1968, students from all five public
  high schools in East L.A. walked out of their
  classes.
• While initially their protest was tolerated, the
  patience of the authorities wore thin, and the
  police were unleashed on the peaceful
  demonstrators. and students were brutally beaten.
• Thirteen people --Castro and twelve college
  students-- were arrested on conspiracy charges.
• Eventually, all charges against them were
  dropped.

• Students were demanding
• bilingual education
• Mexican American history courses
• More Mexican American teachers
• Overall the school board changed very little as a
  result of these walk outs, it was only over time
  that change occurred.

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Feminist Movement
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Feminist Movement

• Existed since 1860s
• Grew out of Abolitionist Movement
• Became the Suffragist Movement
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Suzanne B. Anthony
• 1920 the 19th Amendment gave women the right to
  vote.
• Alice Paul
• Lucy Burns

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Feminist Movement

• Definition Belief in the social, political, and
  economic equality between men and women.
• Problem is Sexism is discrimination against
  people based on their sex rather than their
  individual merits.
• Sexism holds that individuals can be understood
  and often judged based on the characteristics of
  being either a man or woman
• Sexism can mean someone believes
• That one gender is superior to the other.
• Or a misogynyist, someone has a simple hatred of
  women

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Position of Women Pre-WW2

• Before WW2, American women had a traditional role
  as wives and mothers. There were few career
  opportunities except in typically female
  professions such as teaching, nursing or
  secretarial work.
• The 1920s had seen progress for women as women
  began to wear more daring clothes, some smoked
  and drunk with men and even kissed in public!
• In 1921, women over 20 were given the vote.
• When the Great Depression hit, it was difficult
  for women to find work, and women who did work
  were viewed as a threat to men and unnecessary
  competition.

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The Effect of the War 1941-1945

• In 1941, women made a huge contribution to the
  war effort working in typically male jobs.
• Women in employment rose from 12 million in 1940
  to 18.5 million in 1945.
• 300,000 served in the armed forces.
• 1940 Women make up 19 of workforce
• 1950 Women make up 28.8 of workforce

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Lack of Progress after the War

• However there was still a lack of progress
• Majority of women willingly gave up their jobs
  after the war and returned to traditional roles.
• Women were excluded from the top well-paid jobs.
• Women, on average, earned 50-60 per cent of the
  wage that men earned.
• Women could be dismissed from their job when they
  married.

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Position of Women post-WW2

• After the war, the media encouraged women to
  return to their traditional family roles.
• Women who went out to work instead of getting
  married were treated with great suspicion by the
  rest of society.
• One book, Modern Women the lost Sex, even blamed
  the social problems of the 1950s on career women!

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In the Late 1950s Betty Freidan wrote The
Feminine Mystic

• For the first time women began to express a
  desire to be on equal footing with men in life
  decisions.
• The book broke down the Stereotype of Women as
  happy Housewives.
• It sparked a great debate in society about the
  lives of suburban women

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Women begin to organize

• NOW was created in 1966 by Betty Friedan with the
  aim of achieving full equality between the sexes.
• However the Womens Liberation Movement was the
  name given to those who had far more radical aims
  than NOW. They were also known as feminists.
• Gloria Steinem became to face of the younger and
  more extreme activists.
• Extreme feminists wanted wanted signs of male
  supremacy to be removed, including male control
  of employment, politics and the media.

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Examples of Protest

• Some extreme feminists believed that not wearing
  make-up was an act of protest against male
  supremacy. Some even burned their bras, as they
  were a symbol of male domination.
• Mainstream feminists held consciousness raising
  meetings to discuss womens issue that most women
  experienced but that no one talked about openly,
  which left most women feeling isolated.
• Marital status, spousal abuse, miscarriage,
  abortion, rape
• They felt that the media degraded the position of
  women using them as sex objects or slaves to
  housework with no intellect or identity.

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What were the Issues that shaped the Feminist
Movement?

• These are the areas that Feminist groups worked
  to change were
• Equal PAY for Equal WORK
• Expand the ROLES of women in society.
• Educate women about their health and bodies.
• Eliminate Discrimination of Women in the
• Work place
• Higher Education
• Politics

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Roe vs. Wade

• Highly Controversial Supreme Court Case that
  decided on a Federal Level that states could NOT
  outlaw abortion, based on the right to personal
  privacy.
• HOWEVER, states could restrict access to have
  abortion if it was requested after the first 3
  months of pregnancy.
• This case was considered a victory for the
  womens movement because it gave women the right
  to make decisions about their own body.

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What was the Equal Rights Amendment?

• An Amendment to the constitution that would
  eliminate discrimination against a person based
  upon a persons sex.
• Schlafly became an outspoken opponent of
  the Equal Rights Amendment during the 1970s as
  the organizer of the "STOP ERA" campaign. STOP is
  an acronym for "Stop Taking Our Privileges."
• Schlafly argued that the ERA would take away
  gender specific privileges currently enjoyed by
  women, including "dependent wife" benefits under
  Social Security and the exemption from Selective
  Service registration
• ERA had to be ratified by 38 states, by 1977
  35 had done so, but the deadline came in 1982,
  and by that point opposition had increased.
• The ERA was never added to the constitution.

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The end of the Feminist Movement

• Ultimately the movement became divided into too
  many splinter groups all concerned with their own
  issues.
• Groups like N.O.W. split over issues such as
  sexual preference, economic status, race.
• Women as a whole could not agree.
• Women who were happy with their lives as wives
  and mothers felt attacked and ridiculed by
  feminist organizations.
• Some women felt that traditional roles protected
  women and established a model of respectable
  behavior.

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GLBT Movement

• 1951-1st Gay Rights Orgs. -1969 Stonewall
  Riots-2013 Gays in the Military-2015 Gay Marriage

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Why were gay and lesbian Americans apart of an
invisible Culture?

• Sex in general was not an open topic for
  conversation in America since the beginning.
• Homosexuality was considered an extremely taboo
  subject.
• Being gay was dangerous. You could be disowned by
  your family, put in a mental institution or jail
  so most people lived double lives and kept their
  sexual preference a secret.

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History of LBGT

• 1st Organizations
• Mattachine Society
• November 11, 1950
• In Los Angeles, gay rights activist Harry Hay
  founds Americas first national gay rights
  organization. In an attempt to change public
  perception of homosexuality, the Mattachine
  Society aims to "eliminate discrimination,
  derision, prejudice and bigotry," to assimilate
  homosexuals into mainstream society, and to
  cultivate the notion of an "ethical homosexual
  culture."
• Daughters of Bilitis

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GLBT

• Movement grows from increasing tensions and
  oppression of citizens constitutional rights.
• The movements goal is to educate people as to
  the injustice GLBT citizens undergo and fight to
  become seen and treated equally in the eyes of
  the law and American Society.
• People with negative attitudes towards lesbians
  and gays are more likely to be
• Religious,
• Less educated,
• Politically conservative
• Have little close personal contact with out gay
  men and lesbians,
• Support traditional gender roles.
• They may have a deep personal, moral or religious
  objection to homosexuality.

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Before Stonewall

• Until 1973 Homosexuality was a diagnosable mental
  disorder, in which an individual could have been
  committed to a psychiatric (mental) institution,
  w/ or w/o their consent, to undergo conversion or
  re-pair therapy.
• At the time, the police used any number of
  reasons they could think of to justify an arrest
  on indecency charges including kissing, holding
  hands, wearing clothing traditionally of the
  opposite gender, or even being in the bar during
  the raid.

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Why were the Stone Wall Riots a turning point in
the GLBT movement?

• June 28, 1969
• Patrons of the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
  riot when police officers attempt to raid the
  popular gay bar around 1am. Since its
  establishment in 1967, the bar had been
  frequently raided by police officers trying to
  clean up the neighborhood of "sexual deviants."
• Angry gay youth clash with aggressive police
  officers in the streets, leading to a three-day
  riot during which thousands of protestors receive
  only minimal local news coverage. Nonetheless,
  the event will be credited with reigniting the
  fire behind America's modern LGBT rights
  movement.
• "Stonewall," as the raids are often referred to,
  is generally considered a turning point for the
  modern gay rights movement worldwide, as it is
  one of the first times in modern history a
  significant body of gay people resisted arrest.

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How did the Stonewall Riots inspire the GLBT
community to organize?

• Solid gay rights organizations begin to form and
  take political action
• June 28, 1970
• Christopher St. Liberation Day commemorates the
  one-year anniversary of the Stonewall riots.
• Following the event, thousands of members of the
  LGBT community march through New York into
  Central Park, in what will be considered
  America's first gay pride parade.
• In the coming decades, the annual gay pride
  parade will spread to dozens of countries around
  the world.

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Protest for change

• October 14, 1979
• An estimated 75,000 people participate in the
  National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay
  Rights. LGBT people and straight allies demand
  equal civil rights and urge for the passage of
  protective civil rights legislature.

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 Who was Harvey Milk and how did he become a
martyr for the GLBT cause?

• November 8, 1977
• Harvey Milk wins a seat on the San Francisco
  Board of Supervisors
• The first openly gay man elected to public
  office
• is responsible for introducing a gay rights
  ordinance protecting gays and lesbians from being
  fired from their jobs.
• Milk also leads a successful campaign against
  Proposition 6, an initiative forbidding
  homosexual teachers.
• A year later, on November 27, 1978, former city
  supervisor Dan White assassinates Milk. White's
  actions are motivated by jealousy and depression,
  rather than homophobia
• He is remembered as being the first public
  servant to use the legislature to secure rights
  for the GLBT community.

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AIDS CHANGES EVERYTHING

• GRID
• ACT UP
• AIDS Quilt
• May - June, 1988
• The CDC mails a brochure, Understanding AIDS, to
  every household in the U.S. Approximately 107
  million brochures are mailed

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On October 11, 1987, the Quilt was displayed for
the first time on the National Mall in
Washington, D.C., during the National March on
Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights. It covered
a space larger than a football field and included
1,920 panels. Half a million people visited the
Quilt that weekend.
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To date all of the more than 48,000 panels
memorializing 94,000
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What were/are the main goals of the GLBT
movement?

• Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Trans-gendered
• Most under-represented group of Americans to
  present date.
• Issues
• Equal Protection under the law
• Dispel myths of being socially deviant or being
  Mentally ill.
• Equal Access to Government Institutions
• Military Service v
• Civil Service Jobs
• Government Services healthcare, civil marriage,
  access to adopt children.

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Goals Achieved

• US Military 2011
• Gay Marriage
• Obergefell v. Hodges 2015

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