Preparing for the OUSD 11th Grade Spring Writing Assessment

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Preparing for the OUSD 11th Grade Spring Writing
Assessment
Assessment Question Agree or Disagree The
Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s
successfully met the political, economic, and
social goals of African Americans that not been
achieved during the Era of Reconstruction.
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Part I A Review of the Era of Reconstruction
(1865-1876)

• What were the freedmen and freedwomens social,
  political, and economic aspirations in the years
  after Emancipation?
• What happened?

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Emancipation
Thomas Nast's depiction of emancipation (1865) at
the end of the Civil War envisions the future of
free blacks in the U.S.
Thomas Nast. Emancipation. Philadelphia S. Bott,
1865. Wood engraving.Reproduction Number
LC-USZ62-2573 (5-9)
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Amendments to the United States Constitution
Following the Civil War

• Thirteenth Amendment (1865) Section 1. Neither
  slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
  punishment for crime whereof the party shall have
  been duly convicted, shall exist within the
  United States, or any place subject to their
  jurisdiction.  Fourteenth Amendment (1868)
• Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in
  the United States and subject to the jurisdiction
  thereof are citizens of the United States and of
  the State wherein they reside. No State shall
  make or enforce any law which shall abridge the
  privileges or immunities of citizens of the
  United States nor shall any State deprive any
  person of life, liberty, or property, without due
  process of law nor deny to any person within its
  jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
• Fifteenth Amendment (1870)
• The right of citizens of the United States to
  vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
  United States or by any State on account of race,
  color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Freedmans Schools

• One of the many Freedmens schools set up by the
  Freedmens Bureau in the postwar South. These
  schools drew African Americans of all ages, who
  eagerly sought the advantages offered by
  education. (Library of Congress)

www.latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/freedmen..
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Religion
As slaves many blacks attended white churches and
listened to white ministers. After the Civil War
and the end of slavery, African Americans joined
or founded black churches, such as the Sixth
Mount Zion Baptist Church of Richmond, Virginia.
From Virginia Commenwealth University Library,
http//www.library.vcu.edu/jbc/speccoll/vbha/6th10
.html
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The First Vote
"The First Vote" From - Alfred R.
Waud. Harper's Weekly, November 16, 1867.
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Radical Members of the First Legislature after
the War, South Carolina
Because blacks in South Carolina vastly
outnumbered whites, the newly-enfranchised voters
were able to send so many African American
representatives to the state assembly that they
outnumbered the whites. They worked to rewrite
the state constitution and pass laws ensuring aid
to public education, universal male franchise,
and civil rights for all.
"Sea-island School, No. 1,--St. Helena Island.
Established in April 1862."Education among the
Freedmen, ca. 1866-70. Broadside.
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Forty Acres and a Mule A Focus on Economic
Rights
Abandoned plantations and the promise of freedom
drew former slaves to plant crops and create
their own communities. Emancipation was finally
real -- until white planters returned to claim
their lands and federal government refused to
redistribute the land to former slaves.
Freed slaves on a Hilton Head Island plantation,
two wearing U.S. Army uniforms, cultivate sweet
potatoes.
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reconstruction/40acre
s/index.html
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The Sharecropping System Emerges
During Reconstruction, cotton remained the
South's most important crop with the tools and
methods of production essentially the same as
before the war. Most former slaves now worked
as sharecroppers, who kept one-third to one-half
of the crop for themselves with the remainder
going to the landowner. Although the system
afforded workers some degree of autonomy, it kept
most in a state of poverty.
Family Picking Cotton in the fields near
Savannah, Georgia, stereograph, c.
1867. (Negative 50482, Collection of the
New-York Historical Society)
http//www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/se
ction3/section3_01.html
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Separate but Equal Becomes The Law of the Land
(1896)

• In the pivotal case of Plessy v. Ferguson in
  1896, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially
  separate facilities, if equal, did not violate
  the Constitution.
• Segregation, the Court said, was not
  discrimination.
• from - http//americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history
  /1-segregated/separate-but-equal.html

http//www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_ple
ssy.html
http//www.landmarkcases.org/plessy/background3.ht
ml
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Reconstructions Legacy The Unfinished
Revolution
In the generation after the end of
Reconstruction, the Southern states deprived
blacks of their right to vote, and ordered that
public and private facilities of all kinds be
segregated by race. Until job opportunities
opened in the North in the twentieth century,
spurring a mass migration out of the South, most
blacks remained locked in a system of political
powerlessness and economic inequality Not until
the mid-twentieth century would the nation again
attempt to come to terms with the political and
social agenda of Reconstruction. The civil rights
movement of the 1950s and 1960s is often called
the Second Reconstruction. - historian, Eric
Foner
http//www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/ep
ilogue.html
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Part II The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s
and 1960s
Responding to Reconstructions Legacy The Civil
Right Movement focuses on social, political, and
economic rights and freedoms.
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Significant Civil Rights Era Court Rulings on
Building Upon the 14th Amendment
1954 Supreme Courts Brown v. Board of
Education I decision finds that seperate but
equal education is unconstitutional, prohibiting
racial segregation in public schools. We
conclude that in the field of public education
the doctrine of separate but equal has no
place. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl
Warren 1955 The Supreme Court, Brown II, calls
for school districts to desegregate immediately,
or with all deliberate speed. 1971 - In Swann
v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, the
Court ruled that busing students was an
appropriate legal tool for addressing illegal
segregation of the schools.
Lawyers for Brown, George Hayes, Thurgood
Marshall, and James Nabrit, celebrate the Supreme
Courts ruling. http//www.loc.gov/rr/program/b
ib/afam/afam-brown-photos.html
http//public.findlaw.com/civil-rights/civil-right
s-basics/key-civil-rights-cases.html
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The Montgomery (Alabama) Bus BoycottDecember,
1955
Be it Resolved as Follows 1. That the citizens
of Montgomery are requesting that every citizen
in Montgomery, regardless of race, color, or
creed, to refrain from riding buses owned and
operated in the city of Montgomery by the
Montgomery City Lines, Incorporated until some
arrangement had been worked out between said
citizens and the Montogmery City Lines,
Incorporated. -from Resolution of the Citizens
Mass Meeting, December 5, 1955
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School IntegrationLittle Rock, Arkansas - 1957

• I wanted to go to Central High School because
  they had more privileges. They had more
  equipment, they had five floors of opportunities.
  I understood education before I understood
  anything else. From the time I was two, my
  mother said, you will go to college. Education
  is your key to survival.
• Melba Patillo Beals, one of the Little Rock
  Nine

- From African-American Odyssey,
http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/091
8002r.jpg
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The Sit-In Movement - 1960
We went into the five and tens - Woollworth,
Kresges, McClellans - because these stores were
known across the country. We took our seats in
a very orderly, peaceful fashion. The students
dressed like they were going to church or going
to a big affair. They had their books, and we
stayed there at the lunch counter, studying and
preparing our homework, because we were denied
service. The managers ordered the lunch counter
be closed, that the restaurants be closed, and
wed sit there, all day long.
- John Lewis, President of
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC)
Greensboro, North Carolina
- From African-American Odyssey,
http//www.loc.gov/exhibits/odyssey/archive/09/091
8002r.jpg
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The Freedom Rides, 1961
- From Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement,
http//www.crmvet.org/images/imgcoll.htm
Federal law said that there should be no
segregation in interstate travel. The Supreme
Court had decided that. But still laws in the
southern states and local ordinances ordered
segregation of the races on those buses? Why
didnt the federal government enforce its laws?
- James Farmer, President of the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
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March on Washington, 1963
- From Life Magazine, 9/6/63 - http//www.life.com
/image/52259555/in-gallery/23101
It wasnt the Harry Belafontes and the greats of
Hollywood that made the march. What made the
march was that black people voted that day with
their feet. They came from every state, they
came in jalopies, on trains, buses, anything they
could get - some walked.

- Bayard Rustin
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Freedom Summer - Mississippi, 1964
Two freedom Riders came to Sunday school that
morning and they were pointing the finger at me,
saying, Just like that lady talking back there
in the Sunday school class says that God help
those that help themselves, you can help yourself
by trying to register to vote. Thats the first
time in my life that I ever come in contact with
anybody that tells me that I had the right to
register to vote. -Unita Blackwell
Voter registration worker George Ball explains
how to vote to a mother of three in the familys
living room. - From, Charles Moore, Powerful
Days in Black and White, http//www.kodak.com/US/e
n/corp/features/moore/voteFrame.shtml
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Voting Rights The March from Selma to
Montgomery, Alabama, 1965
We had witnessed at the March on Washington the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
call for one man, one vote. We went to Selma to
test that idea. -John Lewis
- From Spider Martin Civil Rights Collection ,
http//www.spidermartin.com/gallery25.html
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Malcolm X in Selma, 1965
"I want Dr. King to know that I didn't come to
Selma to make his job difficult. I really did
come thinking I could make it easier. If the
white people realize what the alternative is,
perhaps they will be more willing to hear Dr.
King." -- in a conversation with Mrs. Coretta
Scott King.
- From Malcolm X Official Website -
http//www.malcolmx.com/index.html
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From Protest to Politics

• What began as a protest movement is being
  challenged to translate itself into a political
  movementIt is now concerned with not merely
  removing the barriers to full opportunity but
  with achieving the fact of equality.
• the Negro today finds himself stymied by
  obstacles of far greater magnitude than the legal
  barriers he was attacking before automation
  loss of jobs, urban decay poor housing and
  government services, de facto school
  segregation.
• These are problems which, well conditioned by
  Jim Crow, do not vanish upon its demise. They
  are more deeply rooted in our socioeconomic
  order they are the result of the total societys
  failure to meet not only the Negros needs, but
  human needs in general.
• - Bayard Rustin, excerpt from From Protest to
  Politics The Future of the Civil Rights
  Movement, February, 1965.

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The Call for Black Power

• Black Power was the guiding philosophy of SNCC
  in its later years. It began to develop and take
  hold sometime after 1964, and came to prominence
  in 1966 when Stokely Charmicael became head of
  the organization. The goal of Black Power was to
  empower and create a strong racial identity for
  African-Americans.
• Black Power also encouraged a separation from
  white society, saying black people should write
  their own histories and form their own
  institutions, like credit unions and political
  parties. This empowered African-Americans by
  promoting feelings of beauty and self-worth and
  showing that they were strong enough to thrive
  without the support of white institutions.
• - From SNCC 1960 1966, Six Years of the Student
  Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
  http//www.ibiblio.org/sncc/black_power.html

Stokely Charmicael (Kwame Ture)
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The Movement Moves North

• Chicago is a city of more than million Negroes.
  It has been the Promised Land for thousands who
  sought to escape the cruelties of Alabama,
  Mississippi, and Tennessee
• Educational opportunities in Chicago, while an
  improvement over Mississippi, were hardly
  adequate to prepare Negroes for metropolitan
  life. A labor force of some 300,000 have found
  little beyond low paying service occupations open
  to them, and those who possessed skills and
  crafts found their ranks rapidly being depleted
  by automation and few opportunities for
  advancement and promotion.
• Those few Negroes who were fortunate enough to
  achieve professional and managerial status found
  themselves victimized in their search for
  adequate housing.
• Chicago is not alone in this plight, but it is
  clearly the prototype of the northern race
  problem.
• - from A Proposal by the Southern Christian
  Leadership Conference for the Development of
  Nonviolent Action Movement for the Greater
  Chicago Area, 1966.

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From the Black Panther Party Platform and 10
Point Program October, 1966

• What We Want.
• 1. We want freedom. We want power to determine
  the destiny of our Black Community.
• 2. We want full employment for our people.
• 4. We want decent housing, fit for shelter of
  human beings.
• 5. We want education for our people that exposes
  the true nature of this decadent American
  society. We want education that teaches us our
  true history and our role in the present-day
  society..
• 7. We want an immediate end to police brutality
  and murder of black people.
• 9. We want all black people when brought to
  trial to be tried in court by a jury of their
  peer group or people from their black
  communities, as defined by the Constitution of
  the United States.
• 10. We want land, bread, housing, education,
  clothing, justice and peace. And as our major
  political objective, a United Nations-supervised
  plebiscite to be held throughout the black colony
  in which only black colonial subjects will be
  allowed to participate for the purpose of
  determining the will of black people as to their
  national destiny.
• Source "Black Panther Party Ten Point Program."
  The Sixties Project. http//lists.village.virginia
  .edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifest
  os/Panther_platform.html.

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A Failure to Attack Poverty MLK Makes a
Connection to the War in Vietnam

• ... I knew America could never invest the
  necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of
  its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam
  continued to draw men and skills and money like
  some demonical destructive suction tube. So I am
  increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy
  of the poor and attack it as such
• - from Dr. Martin Luther King, Riverside Church,
  New York, April 4, 1967

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The Civil Rights Movement What Good was it?
Alice Walker

• If the Civil Rights Movement is dead and if
  it gave us nothing else, it gave us each other
  forever, it gave some of us bread, some of us
  shelter, some of us knowledge and pride, all of
  us comfort. It gave us our children, our
  husbands, our brothers, our fathers, as men
  reborn and with a purpose for living. It broke
  the pattern of black servitude in this country.
  It shattered the phone promise of white soap
  opera that sucked away so many pitiful lives. It
  gave us history and men far greater than
  Presidents. It gave us heroes, selfless men of
  courage and strength, for our little boys and
  girls to follow. It gave us hope for tomorrow.
  It called us to life.
• Because we live, it can never die.
• -Alice Walker The Civil Rights Movement
• What Good was it? 1966

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Newark, New Jersey and Detroit, Michigan -
Summer of 1967
The summer of 1967 marked by 'urban unrest' that
began during the mid-1960s in Harlem and Watts
and tapered off by the early 1970s. During the
summer of 1967 one hundred and sixty four "civil
disorders" were reported in one hundred and
twenty eight American cities. Of these
"disturbances" that took place in the summer of
'67, Newark and Detroit were arguably the most
severe. the underlying causes were quite
complex, including police brutality, persistent
poverty, and a lack of political representation
for African American residents, as well as local
opposition to the Vietnam War. from
http//www.67riots.rutgers.edu/introduction.html
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Memphis, Tennessee - 1968
Fine, now we have the right to vote. Fine. We
can now go to any restaurant , any hotel,
anyplace we want to in America, but we dont have
the means. So what good does it do for people to
go to any restaurant in the world if you dont
have the money to pay for a meal? - Dr. King ,
paraphrased by William Rutherford
Memphis sanitation workers on strike in 1968
- From The Walter P. Reuther Library,
http//www.reuther.wayne.edu/node/3631
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A Focus on Poverty 1968

• Washington, D.C. The mule train that was a
  symbol of the Poor People's Campaign heads toward
  the Capitol after finally crossing the river into
  Washington June 25th. June 27, 1968.
• From Eyes on the Prize Americas Civil Rights
  Movement,
• http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/story/
  15_poor.htmlgallery

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Significant Civil Rights Era Court Rulings
(cont.) Building Upon the 14th Amendment

• 1956 The Supreme Court, without comment,
  affirmed a lower court ruling declaring
  segregation of the Montgomery bus system illegal,
  giving a major victory to Rosa Parks, Martin
  Luther King, Jr., and the thousands of anonymous
  African Americans who had sustained the bus
  boycott in the face of violence and intimidation.
  
• 1962 Bailey v. Patterson The Court in this case
  prohibited racial segregation of interstate and
  intrastate transportation facilities.
• 1967 Loving v. Virginia
• This decision holds that state laws prohibiting
  inter-racial marriage are unconstitutional.
• 1968 Jones v. Mayer Co.
• The Court held in this case that federal law
  bars all racial discrimination (private or
  public), in sale or rental of property.
• 1971 In Griggs v. Duke Power Co., the Supreme
  Court ruled that Title VII of the 1964 Civil
  Rights Act prohibits not only intentional job
  discrimination, but also employer practices that
  have a discriminatory effect on minorities and
  women.

The Leadership Conference - http//www.civilrights
.org/judiciary/supreme-court/key-cases.html
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Civil Rights Legislation The Civil Rights Act
of 1964
Support for a federal Civil Rights Act was one of
the goals of the 1963 March on Washington.
President John F. Kennedy had introduced the bill
before his assassination. His successor, Lyndon
B. Johnson, signed it into law on July 2, 1964.
It achieved many of the aims of a
Reconstruction-era law, the Civil Rights Act of
1875, which was passed but soon overturned by the
Supreme Court. The 1964 Act barred
discrimination based on race, color, religion,
or national origin in public facilities -- such
as restaurants, theaters, or hotels.
Discrimination in hiring practices was also
outlawed, and the act established the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission to help enforce
the law.
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/milest
ones/m06_act.html
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Civil Rights LegislationVoting Rights Act of 1965
An act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the
Constitution of the United States and for other
purposes, August 6, 1965 The legislation
outlawed literacy tests and provided for the
appointment of Federal examiners, with the power
to register qualified citizens to vote, in those
states where past discrimination had existed.
(The use of poll taxes in national elections had
been abolished in 1964 by the 24th amendment to
the Constitution.) Section 2, which closely
followed the language of the 15th amendment,
applied a nationwide prohibition on the denial or
abridgment of the right to vote on account of
race or color.
"Signing the Voting Rights Act," August 6,
1965.U.S. News and World Report, August 16,
1965.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1968 A Focus on Fair
Housing

• The Fair Housing Act of 1968 is also known as
  Title VIII of the Civil Rights act of 1968.
• Congress passed the act in an effort to stop
  unlawful discrimination in housing based on race,
  color, sex, national origin, or religion.
• The Fair Housing Act has become a central
  feature of modern Civil Rights enforcement,
  allowing people who suffered previous
  discrimination persons the right to rent or own
  residential property in areas that were
  previously segregated.
• The department of housing and urban development
  (HUD) is charged with enforcement of the act. It
  issues regulations and institutes investigations
  into discriminatory housing practices.

Warren K. Leffler.Signing of the Civil Rights
Act, April 11, 1968.Copyprint.U.S. News and
World Report Photograph Collection, Reproduction
Number LC-USZ62-95480 (9-12)
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Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race
Ethnicity The Ohio State University, April 2004
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Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race
Ethnicity The Ohio State University, April 2004
38
(No Transcript)