ECOLOGY

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ECOLOGY

• CHAPTERS 3,4,5 6

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What is Ecology? 3.1

• Ecology the scientific study of interactions
  among organisms and between organisms and their
  environment or surroundings.

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• Biosphere contains the combined portions of the
  planet in which all life exists

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• Includes land, water and air
• Extends 8 kilometers above Earths surface to a
  depth of 11 kilometers below the oceans surface

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• Levels of Organization
• Species groups of organisms that can breed and
  produce fertile offspring

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• Populations groups of individuals that belong
  to the same species and live in the same area

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• Communities groups of populations

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• Ecosystems groups of populations along with
  their nonliving, or physical, environment.

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• Biomes Groups of ecosystems

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So...

• A flock of birds.
• ecosystem, community, population, or individual?

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• A valley of trees, a lake, clouds, plants,
  animals.
• ecosystem, community, population, or individual?

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• A coral reef with many different species of
  animals and plants.
• ecosystem, community, population, or individual?

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• A stand of aspens.
• ecosystem, community, population, or individual?

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• Lets
• Practice

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Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
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Ecology Methods

• Observing what species lives here?
• Experimenting what would happen if we
  reintroduced wolf species back into Yosemite
  National Park?

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• Modeling - what can computer models tell us
  about the impact of global warming?

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• Lets look at some satellite observations
• (page 66 of your text)

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Energy Flow 3.2

• Producers organisms that can make their own
  food
• Chemotrophs make food from inorganic chemical
  compounds
• Autotrophs make food from sunlight through
  photosynthesis

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• Consumers (heterotrophs)
• Herbivores eat plants (deer)

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• Carnivores eat animals (lion)

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• Omnivores eat both plants and animals (humans)

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• Detritivores Feed on plant and animal remains
  (crabs)

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• Decomposers break down organic matter and
  return it back to the Earth (bacteria and fungi)

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Feeding Relationships

• Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
  direction from the sun (or inorganic compounds)
  to the autotrophs to the various levels of
  consumers.

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• Food Chain a series of steps in which organisms
  transfer energy by eating and being eaten.

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• Food Web Shows the feeding relationships among
  various organisms in an ecosystem.
• It forms a network.
• It is more accurate than a food chain.

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• Trophic Levels each step in a food chain or web
• 1st level producers
• 2nd and up consumers (1o, 2o, 3o, etc. are
  referred to as primary, secondary, tertiary
  consumers)
• Lets Practice

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Secondary Consumer
Tertiary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Producer
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• Ecological Pyramids a diagram that shows the
  relative amounts of energy or matter within each
  trophic level in a food chain or web.

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• Energy pyramid amount of energy
• 10 Law says that only 10 of the available
  energy is transferred to the next trophic level.
• Biomass pyramid amount of living tissue at each
  trophic level
• Pyramid of numbers number of organisms at each
  trophic level

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• Lets Draw

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Tertiary consumers
500 kc
Secondary consumers
5,000 kc
Primary consumers
50,000 kc
500,000 kc
Producers
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Cycles of Matter 3.3

• Unlike energy, matter is recycled within and
  between ecosystems through biogeochemical cycles.

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• Water Cycle
• Cycles through the ocean, land and atmosphere
• Enters atmosphere as gas (water vapor) through
  evaporation (from oceans) and transpiration (from
  plant leaves)

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• Vapor condenses and falls back to Earth
  (precipitation) into rivers, streams and ground
  water and is reabsorbed by plant roots.

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• Carbon Cycle
• Essential nutrient for all organic compounds
• Less than 1 is cycled
• Enters the atmosphere as CO2 from respiration,
  volcanic activity, burning of

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• fossil fuels, decomposition of organic matter.
• Plants take in CO2 to make carbohydrates.
• Carbohydrates are passed along the food chain and
  reenters the atmosphere

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• Nitrogen Cycle
• Organisms need nitrogen to make proteins
• Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere (78 of our
  atmosphere) in waste products (ammonia,
  nitrates, nitrites)

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• Bacteria in the soil can take gaseous nitrogen
  and convert it to ammonia for use by plants
  (nitrification)
• Dead organisms have their nitrogen returned to
  the soil through decomposers in a process called
  denitrification

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• Phosphorus Cycle
• Needed by organisms to make DNA and RNA
• Found primarily on land in rocks, soil and ocean
  sediments

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• Complete the chart

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• Complete What is a Food Pyramid?

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Role of Climate 4.1

• Climate the average, year after year conditions
  of temperature and precipitation in a particular
  region.

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Weather

• day to day conditions
• Sunlight energy from the sun drives Earths
  weather and helps determine climate

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• Greenhouse Effect The natural situation in
  which heat is retained by a layer of greenhouse
  gases (CO2, methane and water vapor)

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• Effects of Latitude on Climate
• Earths shape causes the suns energy to strike
  at different angles
• The difference in latitude and the angle of the
  suns rays results in 3 climate zones

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• Temperate between poles and tropics climate
  varies widely
• Tropical near equator climate is always warm
• Polar top and bottom of Earth climate is
  always cold

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• Heat transport in the Biosphere
• Uneven heating and cooling create winds and ocean
  currents
• Land masses (especially mountain ranges) cause
  warm, moist air to rise, condense and rain on one
  side of the mountain the other side is usually
  dry (rain shadow)

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Temperate
Tropical
Polar
Temperate
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What Shapes an Ecosystem 4.2

• Biotic factors all living members of an
  ecosystem
• Abiotic factors wind, soil, sunlight,
  temperature, precipitation, humidity
• Niche an organisms occupation in its habitat

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Biotic or Abiotic?

• Clouds, weather, humidity, air temperature

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Biotic or Abiotic?

• Spider, spiders web

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Biotic or Abiotic?

• Coral, algae, bacteria

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Biotic or Abiotic?

• Rock, snow or rain, ice, altitude

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• Community Interactions
• Competition
• Predation
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
• Commensalism

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• Competition occurs when organisms attempt to
  use the same resource in the same place and the
  same time often results in competitive exclusion
  principle which states that no two species can
  occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the
  same time.

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• Predation an interaction in which one organism
  (predator) captures and feeds on another (prey)

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• Symbiosis any relationship in which two species
  live closely together
• 3 types

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• Mutualism (,) both species benefit from the
  relationship (flowers and insects acacia and
  ants)

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• Commensalism (,0) one member benefits and the
  other is neither helped nor hurt (barnacles and
  whale sharks and remora)

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• Parasitism (,-) one member benefits and the
  other is harmed (ticks and dogs)

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Lets Practice Vocabulary
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Lets look at a real example
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Lets do a lab using predator/prey relationships
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• Ecological Succession the gradual change in an
  ecosystem when old organisms die and are replaced
  by new ones.

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• Primary succession occurs on land surfaces
  where no soil exists volcanic eruptions, glacier
  melts first species to appear are the pioneer
  species (usually lichens)

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• Secondary succession follows primary
  succession example when farm land is abandoned
  or when wildfires burn forests
  
  
  
  
  
  

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• Lets Practice

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Biomes 4.3

• Biomes a particular physical environment that
  contains a characteristic assemblage of plants
  and animals.

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• Using your textbook pp. 98 112, answer the
  Where Am I? questions on the handout

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Populations 5.1

• Characteristics include
• geographic distribution the area inhabited by a
  population
• density the number of individuals per unit
  area
• growth rate

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• Population Growth determined by
• Number of births
• Number of deaths
• Number of immigrants/emigrants

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• Exponential Growth
• Occurs when the individuals in a population
  reproduce at a constant rate.
• Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources,
  a population will grow exponentially
• Graphs of this growth have a J shape

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Exponential Growth
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• Logistic growth
• Occurs when a populations growth slows or stops
  following a period of exponential growth.
• As resources become less available, the growth of
  a population slows or stops.
• Graphs of this growth show an S shape the top
  horizontal line represents the carrying
  capacity of the environment for a species.

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• Boom and Bust growth
• Occurs when under ideal conditions with unlimited
  growth followed by sudden collapse.
• Graphs of this growth show peaks and valleys.

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Boom Bust Population Curve
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• Lets Practice Graph Reading

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Limits to Growth 5.2

• Limiting factor is a factor that causes
  population growth to decrease
• Density-dependent
• Density-independent

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• Density-Dependent Factor a limiting factor that
  depends on population size
• Competition
• Predation
• Parasitism and Disease

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• Density-Independent Factor a limiting factor
  that affects all populations, in similar ways,
  regardless of population size
• Weather
• Seasonal cycles
• Dams
• Clear cutting

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Human Population Growth 5.3

• Demography study of human populations studied
  using
• Birth rates
• Death rates
• Age structure

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• Demographic Transition a dramatic change in
  birth and death rate
• Age structure models used to predict future
  growth

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Sweden
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Mexico
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United States
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• Lets Practice Age Distribution Graph Reading

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• Lets Practice Graph Reading One More Time!