OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP

1
OGT SOCIAL STUDIES PREP

• World War I
• Between the Wars 1920s 1930s
• World War II
• Test Taking Tips Strategies

2
World War I

• WWI had multiple causes effects, arising from
  militarism, imperialism, nationalism alliances.
• The global scope of WWI increased the human costs
  of war.

3
World War I

• New technologies practices use of poison
  mustard gas, trench warfare, machine guns,
  airplanes (for reconnaissance), submarines,
  tanks affected the outcome of the war
• WWI was fought mostly in Europe the United
  States became one of the Allied Powers.

4
World War I

• After the Treaty of Versailles ended WWI, the
  League of Nations as formed in an attempt to
  create a forum for peacefully solving disputes
  between nations.
• The failure of President Woodrow Wilsons
  Fourteen Points for peace, along with the refusal
  of the United States to join the League of
  Nations, had far-reaching consequences

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WWI Causes Imperialism(may also be
considered Expansion)

• By the early 1900s, much of Asia and nearly all
  of Africa had been colonized by European nations.
• Colonies provided raw materials and new markets
  for European manufacturing.
• Desire to increase their empires led to
  competition and power struggles among European
  nations.

6
WWI Causes Militarism

• The spread of nationalism in Europe led to a
  dangerous arms race, in which nations built up
  their armies ( navies, for some) to maintain
  equal strength with their neighbors.
• Britain had the worlds strongest naval power.
• Other European nations built up their navies to
  be able to compete with Britain.
• By 1900, Germany had largest best-trained army
  in Europe
• Draft increased the size of army during peacetime.

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WWI Causes Alliances(Sshhh Some of them are
secret!)

• Military agreements to protect the other in case
  of attack.
• Long chains of allying countries formed.
• Several countries could be drawn into conflict if
  one was attacked by one other.
• Since many of the agreements were secret,
  attacking country may not know the consequences
  of their actions until it was too, late.

8
WWI Causes Alliances

• Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary
• Later joined by Bulgaria the Ottoman Empire
• Allies Great Britain, France, and Russia
• The United States (eventually) joined the side of
  the Allies.

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WWI Causes - Nationalism

• Feeling of pride and loyalty people have for
  their country or for other people who share a
  common history, language, or culture.
• Swept the European continent during the 1800s.
• Rise of nationalism led to minority groups to
  call for independence
• Czechs and Slovaks in Austria-Hungary wished to
  form their own nation
• Poles wanted an independent Poland had been
  divided by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia.

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WWI Causes Nationalism

• Bosnia area was part of the Austria-Hungary
  Empire, but many Serbs lived there.
• Serbs and Serbia wanted Bosnia to be part of
  Serbia.
• Black Hand Gavrilo Princip assassinated
  Archduke Francis Ferdinand heir to the
  Austria-Hungary throne.
• THIS WAS THE SPARK THAT IGNITED ALL THE CAUSES TO
  EXPLODE INTO WWI.

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WWI - Causes

• The assassination of Francis Ferdinand (a sign of
  showing nationalism) sparked the alliances into
  action!
• European nations were already heated with one
  another over imperialistic competition.
• European nations were ready to go to war, due to
  their militarism efforts.
• An assassination of one person, no matter what
  his position, should never be able to lead to
  WORLD WAR, but everything else was in place, and
  thus, World War I began.

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Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?

• Neutrality
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Imperialism

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Which term is defined largely by feelings of
intense patriotism?

• Neutrality
• Militarism
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
• If you said NATIONALISM, you would be CORRECT!

14
WWI Causes - Writing Response

• Explain how the system of alliances that was
  formed in Europe before WWI caused most European
  nations to draw into the conflict.

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Possible Answer

• Alliances were formed between European nations.
• Many of them were secret agreements.
• An attack against one nation would be considered
  an attack against any of the nations in alliance
  with the nation that was attacked.
• Attacking nations had alliances as well, and
  often didnt know who the country they attacked
  was in alliance with.
• An attack against one nation could result in MANY
  nations going to war with one another as a matter
  of defending those in their alliance.

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WWI Causes US Entering

• Remember The United States tried to remain
  NEUTRAL not taking sides in the conflict when
  WWI began in Europe.
• US was trading with both sides and benefitting
  financially.
• Americans were divided among ethnic lines, due to
  common heritage Some favored the Central
  Powers some favored the Allied Powers.
• America had long-standing ties with Britain (our
  fore-fathers were from there) and France (helped
  us in the Revolutionary War).

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Why did the US enter WWI?

• Germany used U-boats, submarines, to sink neutral
  ships going in and out of Britain.
• They would attack without warning.
• Wilson issued a warning to knock it off- OR ELSE.
• Germany didnt want US to enter the war yet
  Sussex Pledge said they would give warning and
  investigate before sinking ships.

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Why did the US enter WWI?

• Germany sank the Lusitania a British passenger
  ship that had 128 Americans on board.
• Zimmerman Note Germany offered Mexico help
  getting back lost lands (NM, TX, AZ, CA) if
  Mexico would declare war against the United
  States and, thus, join WWI on the side of the
  Central Powers.
• This would make the US have to focus on Mexico
  and not be able to send all troops to Europe to
  help the Allied Powers.

19
Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?

• The Zimmerman Note
• Shared German ancestry
• The sinking of the Lusitania
• Germanys submarine warfare.

20
Congress voted to declare war on Germany for
several reasons. Which of these did NOT
contribute to Congresss decision to declare war
on Germany?

• The Zimmerman Note
• Shared German ancestry
• The sinking of the Lusitania
• Germanys submarine warfare.
• If you said SHARED GERMAN ANCESTRY, you would be
  CORRECT!

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Negotiations for Peace

• Fourteen Points Peace plan developed by Wilson
• Self-Determination Right of national groups to
  have their independence and own governments
  Countries formed around nationalities of people,
  rather than splitting national groups by borders.
• End to secret agreements.
• Free sees and trade
• Disarmament (reducing of military force) of
  major powers.
• Fair hearings on colonial claims giving
  colonized people an equal voice in decisions.

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Negotiations for peace Fourteen Points

• Formation of the League of Nations 14th Point
  to handle international disputes BEFORE they
  caused war.
• Wilson pushed for Peace Without Victory
• Wilson realized that if you punished Germany too,
  much they would want revenge later.
• Britain, France, and other European countries
  wanted Germany to pay for starting the war.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Not signed by US Congress would not sign
  because the League of Nations would lead the US
  to become entangled in European affairs in the
  future.
• German colonies in Africa and Asia were given to
  Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and New
  Zealand.
• Poland was re-created taking land from Germany
  and Russia
• Germany had to pay LARGE reparations.
• Germany had to take full blame for the war.
• Germany had to limit their military

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Treaty of Versailles

• Land Germany gained from Russia (Treaty of
  Brest-Litovsk) was made into Estonia, Latvia,
  Lithuania (Taken from Germany and not given back
  to Russia).
• Austria-Hungary Empire Divided
• Austria and Hungary became independent nations.
• Italy Romania took some of the land that was
  once A-H
• Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia were created
  Grouped together different ethnic groups major
  impact later in the 20th century.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Ottoman Empire broken up
• Turkey, Greece, and Britain took over former
  Ottoman lands.

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WWI - Costs

• Central Powers were defeated, but destruction was
  felt on both sides.
• Western Front much of France lay in ruins.
• 30 nations involved
• Nearly 8 million soldiers died.
• 24 million soldiers wounded.
• Many civilians were killed or wounded.
• Total Dollar Amount Around 186 billion

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Between the Wars 1920s 1930s In Europe (In
a nutshell)

• Countries were rebuilding after WWI - Had to
  borrow money from other countries to rebuild,
  putting them even more in debt.
• Bitter resentment built up from the Treaty of
  Versailles caused countries like Germany to want
  revenge.
• When the Depression spread from the US to Europe,
  countries turned to dictatorial leaders to return
  them to their former glory. (No money makes
  people feel even worse THEY WANT ANSWERS HELP
  and NOW!)
• Germany Hitler - Nazism
• Italy Mussolini - Fascism
• Spain Franco - Fascism
• Russia Lenin - then Stalin - Communism
• Japan Hirohito - Militarism

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Between the Wars 1920s 1930s

• Civil War (Russian Revolution) WWI left Russia
  in shambles New Communist regime under Lenin
  Sounded good at first, but after Lenin died,
  Stalin defeated rivals and became dictator and
  wanted to build a powerful industrial economy He
  killed his enemies and objectors by the 1000s.
• Foreshadowing The Russian Revolution set the
  stage for the basic conflict of the 20th century
  Communism vs. Capitalism Russia vs. United
  States COLD WAR

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Between the Wars 1920s 1930s

• Colonial Rebellion in Asia the Middle East
• All of SE Asia was taken over by European powers
  during the 19th century. But after WWI, Burma,
  Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam) and Indonesia
  began to seek independence. The demand for
  self-rule would not lead to complete independence
  for several decades.

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Between the Wars 1920s 1930s

• British rule in India Mohandas Gandhi urged
  people to resist the government nonviolently.
• After 15 years of resistance, the British
  government created the Government of India Act
  (1935) Britain remained in power, but Indians
  were given a voice in government and established
  provinces governed only by Indians.

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Between the Wars 1920s 1930s

• Nations in the Middle East had expected to become
  independent after WWI. They had been loyal to
  the Allies, providing much needed oil
• Britain France established control of the
  oil-rich ME through the League of Nations.
• Arab nations sought to gain independence from
  imperialist control.
• 1922 British allowed an Arab prince to become
  king of Iraq North African nation of Egypt won
  independence
• 1925 Iran was taken over by an army officer who
  became the shah (king)
• 1932 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was established.

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Effects of the Great Depression in Europe

• Much like in the US Businesses closed. People
  were unable to pay loans. People were out of
  work. There were limited sources to obtain money.

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Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• US entered the 1920s PROSPEROUS!
• US was turning toward isolationism again, but had
  mutually acceptable trade relations with Latin
  American countries.
• Industry was booming More consumer goods were
  available
• Workers had more free time more time to spend
  money

34
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Middle class prosperity attributed to several
  factors Economy expanded, wages rose, work
  house decreased.
• Farmers (for the most part) did not feel the
  upside of the roaring 20s.
• They had mortgaged more land to produce the food
  needed for the war effort.
• After the war was over, they had to cut back
• Surpluses drove prices for farm goods down.

35
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Red Scare developed Fear of communist and
  anarchist take over because union membership
  grew and unions were strong.
• Immigration Restriction Act (1924) growing
  distrust of immigrants Nativism increased in
  the US.
• Reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan
• Fear that African-Americans would demand more
  rights Many African-Americans fought in Europe
  for Europeans independence, yet they didnt
  enjoy the rights they fought for abroad at home.
• African-Americans faced lynchings Race riots
  peaked after WWI.

36
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Great Migration Millions of African-Americans
  left the rural South for Northern and Western
  cities (NY, Chicago, Detroit, LA), due to
  mistreatment/Jim Crow laws in the South.
• Harlem Renaissance and the Jazz Age
• Centered in Harlem, NYC
• Authors Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston,
  Countee Cullen, James Weldon Johnson, Jean Toomer
• Jazz Musicians Louis Armstrong, Fletcher
  Henderson, Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith

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Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• African-Americans put the US on the map,
  culturally, with Jazz.
• Prior to the Jazz Age, most American music was
  borrowed from some place else.
• Jazz combined blues, ragtime, New Orleans brass
  band music, and spiritual hymns.
• It was a innovation! It spread throughout the US
  and into Europe and then the rest of the world!

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Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• REPUBLICAN DECADE
• Presidents (Pro business/Laissez-faire
  policies)
• Warren Harding
• Calvin Coolidge
• Herbert Hoover
• Amendments
• 18th Prohibition
• 19th Womens Suffrage (Right to vote)

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Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Stock Market Speculation Crash
• Not all Americans enjoyed economic prosperity.
  African Americans had a much higher unemployment
  rate than other American groups. Many who lived
  in cities couldnt afford lifes basic
  necessities. Yet, many Americans prospered and
  the it seemed limitless!

40
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Economy had started to slow, but it wasnt
  realized until too, late. (Records were not kept
  regarding business sales, demand decreases, etc.
  as they are now.)
• Banks were making risky/unwise loans to stock
  market investors.
• Buying stock ON MARGIN Only had to put a
  portion of the cost of the stock down You could
  sell before paying it off Inflated the stock
  market.

41
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Stock market was riding the bubble, and on
  Wednesday, October 23, 1929, the bubble burst
  Next day Black Thursday.
• Investors rushed to cash in their investments.
• Stock prices fell
• Panic fed itself People began withdrawing their
  money from banks.
• Banks couldnt meet depositors demands and
  closed People lost their life savings.
• Crash BLACK TUESDAY October 29, 1929.

42
Between the Wars The 1920s in the US

• Hoover didnt do enough to help people after the
  crash.
• He believed in the American system of rugged
  individualism. Basically, he believed that
  everything would work itself out and that the
  government shouldnt step in to fix something
  that was in the business realm.
• He eventually established the Reconstruction
  Finance Corp to channel assistance to farmers and
  businesses in need, but it was too little, too
  late.

43
The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt easily beat
  Hoover in the election of 1932.
• FDR immediately started working to fix the
  Depression He believed that the government
  should try anything If it didnt work, move on
  and try something else.
• NEW DEAL FDRs plan to attack the Depression

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The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• New Deal outlined 3 main goals
• Relief for the Jobless
• Plans for Economic Recovery
• Prevent Another Depression (Reform)
• The New Deal enlarged the federal government
• Created a slew of agencies organizations
• Often called Alphabet Soup agencies.

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The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• Alphabet Soup lives on!
• Social Security Administration
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
  insures bank deposits
• Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) regulates
  the stock market
• National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) protects
  and regulates labor unions
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers loans
  insurance to homeowners

46
The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• Cultural Environment
• Artists and writers used the Depression as the
  backdrop/topic for their work and used their work
  for social commentary.
• Works Progress Administration (WPA) put artists
  to work writing local folk lore, painting murals,
  putting on performances, etc.
• Some famous works, which you may have heard War
  of the Worlds (radio broadcast), Snow White the
  Seven Dwarves, Gone With the Wind, The Grapes of
  Wrath

47
The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• There is debate about how much good the New Deal
  did for the United States.
• Critics would claim that the Federal Governments
  deficit spending (spending more than it takes in
  through taxes), putting the nation into debt.
• The critics also believed that the New Deal was
  interfering too, much in peoples lives and was
  giving the federal government too, much power.

48
The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• Supporters felt that the New Deal efforts gave
  the American people hope and provided them with
  money to be able to eat and survive.
• Supporters also argued that it saved the nations
  democratic system, as the US was able NOT to turn
  to a dictatorial government, like many of the
  nations in Europe had/were done/doing.

49
The Great Depression 1930s in the US

• Looking back (hindsight is 20/20) we can see that
  the New Deal did NOT end the Great Depression
• World War II began in Europe in 1939, when Hitler
  invaded Poland, and the United States started
  producing for the war effort Thats what took
  the United States out of the Great Depression

50
WWII Its Important Points

• WWII started in Europe with Germany invading its
  neighbors, and spread into the Pacific, with
  Japan conquering China and many Pacific Island
  nations.
• The causes of WWII included a policy of
  appeasement toward Hitler, the expansion of the
  Axis powers and the actions of the Allies.

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WWII Its Important Points

• The US maintained an isolationist stance while
  helping its European allies until Japans attack
  on Pearl Harbor caused the US to enter the war.
• As US soldiers went to war, Americans at home
  mobilized to support the war effort.
• A tragic part of the war was the shameful
  internment of Japanese Americans (and others with
  Axis ancestry).

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WWII Its Important Points

• The United States emerged from WWII as one of the
  dominant powers in world affairs.
• The end of WWII was quickly followed by the
  beginning of the Cold War.

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World War II - Causes

• Some are the same/similar to those of WWI
• Nationalism
• Imperialism Expansion (Appeasement of Germany
  added to this cause Continuing to sell Japan
  items needed for their war/military efforts added
  to this cause.)
• Alliances
• Militarism (Continuing to sell Japan items needed
  for their war/military efforts added to this
  cause.)
• Some are different
• Treaty of Versailles (Bitterness Resentment and
  consequences of such)
• The Great Depression

54
World War II

• Germany wanted to expand its territory and power
  in Europe.
• March 1938 Marched into Austria and made it a
  province
• British (Neville Chamberlain) believed it would
  be better to give Hitler what he wanted to avoid
  war --- APPEASEMENT.
• September 1938 Hitler moved to take over the
  Sudetenland in Western Czechoslovakia Munich
  Conference Britain, France, Italy agreed to
  permit Hitler to take over the Sudetenland if he
  promised not to take the rest of Czechoslovakia.
  --- APPEASEMENT AGAIN!

55
World War II

• Appeasement did not work!
• Hitler began looking at Poland as a potential
  land to conquer Britain warned that it would
  defend Poland.
• September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland
  Blitzkrieg Lightening War
• 2 days later (September 3rd) Britain France
  declared war on Germany.

56
WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact

• Before WWII began, Germany the Soviet Union
  signed a nonaggression pact Both agreed not to
  attack each other.
• In June of 1941, Germany attacked the Soviet
  Union (Breaking the pact).
• May have cost Germany the war.
• Soviets now could attack Germany from the east.
• Germany had to divide its troops to fight on both
  sides.

57
World War II

• Americans maintained a policy of isolationism.
• Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts
  forbidding the US to sell weapons or give help to
  countries at war.
• Germany invaded France and threatened Britain.
• FDR persuaded Congress to pass the Lend-Lease Act
  (1941) Allowed US to give American ships and
  supplies to Britain the Soviet Union FDR
  promised all measures short of war to help.
• US had created an Arsenal of Democracy way to
  explain why we werent completely neutral or
  isolated.

58
World War II

• Japan wanted to increase its holdings in the
  Pacific
• Went to war with China (1937)
• Britain US condemned Japans actions, but
  continued to sell machinery, oil, steel, and
  scrap metal to the Japanese
• Japan had taken over French Dutch territories
  in the Pacific when WWII broke out in Europe.

59
World War II

• When war began in Europe and the Japanese
  supported Germany and took over the French
  Dutch territories in Asia -- the U.S. cut off
  sales of oil and scrap metal to the Japanese
  (embargo) and began sending warships into Asian
  waters.
• US and Japan tried to negotiate and talk things
  out
• Talks were abruptly halted.

60
World War II

• Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7,
  1941.
• SURPRISE ATTACK!
• Killed 2500 Americans
• Sank or damaged 8 battleships
• Destroyed 8 airplanes
• Shocked the American public!
• December 8, 1941 Congress declared war on
  Japan.
• Germany Italy immediately declared war on the
  U.S.

61
WWII On the US Home Front

• TOTAL WAR situation All resources organized for
  the war effort
• Women worked in the factories (Rosie the Riveter
  posters) and served in the armed forces
  noncombat duties.
• Draft extended to men ages 18-45
• Factories made planes and tanks.
• Farmers produced more to feed soldiers overseas
  and civilians at home.
• Rationing recycling employed.

62
WWII On the US Home Front

• Americans were worried about enemy spies.
• Discrimination against German, Italian, and
  Japanese Americans was prevalent.
• Japanese-Americans were put into relocation
  (internment) camps for fear that they would aid
  the enemy.
• In 1988, Congress awarded (surviving)
  Japanese-Americans who had been interned 20,000
  as an official apology from the federal
  government.

63
World War II

• War fought on two fronts, or in two different
  theaters.
• WWII Theaters of War
• European Theater
• Pacific Theater

64
World War II

• At first, the US concentrated its efforts in the
  Pacific in Italy/North Africa.
• The US (Dwight Eisenhower) in charge of D-Day
  invasion (Operation Overlord)
• Largest seaborne operation in military history.
• More than 140,000 soldiers (American, British,
  Canadian) stormed the beaches of Normandy France
  on June 6, 1944
• This effort eventually allowed the Allies to push
  the Germans back across Europe from the west,
  while the Soviets (Russians) were crushing from
  the east.

65
World War II

• Eventually, the Allied forces met in Torgau,
  south of Berlin.
• They stormed into Berlin.
• Hitler committed suicide and the Allies captured
  Berlin.
• VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) May 8, 1945

66
World War II

• US used island hopping strategy and the help of
  the Navajo Code Talkers in the Pacific.
• Conquered islands one by one on the way to main
  land Japan.
• Navajo (Native American) soldiers were able to
  talk in their native language to give
  directions/orders to pilots.
• The enemy couldnt understand them.
• June 1942 Americans broke Japans secret
  communication codes Won Battle of Midway

67
WWII US involvement

• FDR died (April 1945) Truman takes over.
• Truman learns of secret new weapon Manhattan
  Project atomic bomb
• Bomb tested in July of 1945
• Allied leaders meet in Potsdam Germany
• Truman issues warning to Japan Surrender or
  face prompt and utter destruction.
• Japan ignores warning (Potsdam Declaration)
• US drops atomic bombs on Japan
• August 6, 1945 Hiroshima
• August 9, 1945 - Nagasaki

68
World War II General Timeline

• 1941
• December 7 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
• 1942
• June- US defeats Japan at the Battle of Midway
• Nov 8 Allied army invades North Africa
• 1943
• February German forces in Stalingrad surrender
  to the Soviet Red Army
• July 10 Allied army invades Italy

69
World War II General Timeline

• 1944
• June 6 D-Day Allied army invades
  German-occupied France
• October US Navy destroys Japanese naval forces
  at Leyte Gulf
• December Battle of the Bulge begins Germans
  make strong stand before being defeated in
  January 1945.

70
World War II General Timeline

• 1945
• January Allies win Battle of the Bulge
• (In 1945 not exact date)
• Concentration camps are discovered (Examples
  Auschwitz Dachau)
• April 12 FDR dies Harry Truman becomes
  President
• May 8 V-E Day Germany surrenders War ends in
  Europe

71
World War II General Timeline

• 1945 (Continued)
• August 6 9 US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
  and Nagasaki
• August 14 Japan agrees to surrender
• September 2
• V-J Day (Victory in Japan Day) Japan officially
  surrenders aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

72
WWII Impact Aftermath

• Estimated deaths 13 million soldiers
• 23 million soldiers wounded
• 75 million people world wide may have died.
• Millions lost their homes possessions became
  refugees
• Much of Europe Japan destroyed
• Europes economy ruined millions in poverty

73
WWII Impact Aftermath

• Estimated 6 million Jews died in concentration
  camps in Germany Poland THE HOLOCAUST
• Nuremberg Trials Leaders of Germany Japan put
  on trial
• 12 sentenced to death
• Hideki Tojo Japanese General who ordered attack
  on Pearl Harbor - executed

74
WWII Impact Aftermath

• Stronger sense of nationalism throughout the
  world increased
• Colonies in Africa Asia demanded independence
  from European rule.
• British granted India independence
• French were forced out of SE Asia
• Other European colonies in Africa Asia received
  their independence

75
WWII Impact Aftermath

• Soviet Union and United States emerged from WWII
  as the worlds 2 most powerful nations.
• Soviets refused to remove armies from Eastern
  Europe after the war.
• Soon cut off all contact between Eastern Europe
  and the West.
• Intense rivalry developed between democratic
  nations (led by the US) and Communist nations
  (led by the Soviet Union)
• COLD WAR BEGINS!

76
WWII Impact Aftermath

• UNITED NATIONS FORMED
• Because of the terrible destructiveness of WWII,
  the Allies were determined to keep the postwar
  world at peace and to prevent the rise of
  powerful, warlike dictatorships. The US, along
  with Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and
  China, took the lead in establishing the UN.
• Originally 50 member nations. (Today- 191)
• Japan not allowed to become a
• member until 1953 (punishment) Italy
• had to wait until 1955 Germany 1973.

77
Establishment of Israel

• Both Palestinian Arabs Jews lived together in
  the region in the Middle East known as Palestine
  for 100s of years.
• Jerusalem Holy to Muslims, Jews, Christians
• After WWI, Britain was put in charge of
  Palestine.
• British had promised to support a Jewish homeland
  in Palestine, much to the dismay of Arabs in the
  region wanted Palestine to be part of a new
  Arab state.

78
Establishment of Israel

• Fighting between Jews Arabs broke out in the
  region following WWII.
• British handed over the problem to the UN in
  1947.
• UN chose to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab
  regions, but Arab nations opposed the idea.
• 1948 Jewish residents of Palestine proclaimed
  the state of Israel.

79
Establishment of Israel

• Combined army (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,
  Iraq) invaded Israel, but was crushed by the
  Israeli army.
• The US immediately recognized Israel as a nation.
• Arab nations in the region did NOT.
• The conflict ensued!
• (More about the Israeli-Arab-Palestinian conflict
  when we talk about The Cold War and Post-Cold War
  Era.)

80
Test Taking Tips Strategies

• This is a continuation of Test Taking Tips and
  Strategies that have been presented in Sessions
  1-3.
• To be sure youve got all of the strategies,
  refer to the past OGT Social Studies Prep
  PowerPoint presentations
• OGT Social Studies Prep PowerPoints can be found
  on Ms. Es web page www.copley-fairlawn.org/estr
  ight

81
Face Value

• When in doubt, use common sense.
• Accept the situation in the problem at face
  value
• DONT READ TOO MUCH INTO IT!
• These problems will not require you to make huge
  leaps of logic.
• If you have to go beyond creativity and make a
  leap of logic in order to have an answer choice
  answer the question LOOK AT THE OTHER CHOICES!

82
Face Value (Continued)

• Dont overcomplicate the problem by creating
  relationships or explanations that dont exist.
• These are normal problems rooted in REALITY
  so dont what if or it would, if!
• Applicable relationships or explanations may not
  be readily apparent
• You just have to figure things out.
• Use your common sense to interpret anything that
  is not clear.

83
Prefixes Suffixes

• If youre having trouble with a word in the
  question or answer choice, try breaking it
  down/dissecting it.
• Take advantage of EVERY CLUE that the word might
  include.
• Prefixes suffixes can be a big help they
  usually allow you to determine basic meaning.
• Examples Pre Before Post After Pro
  Positive De Negative

84
Prefixes Suffixes (Continued)

• From prefixes suffixes, you can get an idea of
  the general meaning of a word.
• Try to put it in context.
• Beware of any traps.
• Example Just because CON is the opposite of PRO
  does NOT mean that CONgress is the opposite of
  PROgress.

85
Hedge Phrases(Watch out for them!)

• Hedge Phrases are phrases such as likely, may,
  can, will often, sometimes, almost, mostly,
  usually, generally, rarely, and sometimes.
• They are inserted to cover every possibility.
• Often an answer choice will be wrong simply
  because it leaves no room for exception.
• Avoid answer choices that have DEFINITIVE WORDS
  like exactly and always.

86
Switchback Words(Stay alert for them!)

• Switchbacks are words and phrases frequently used
  to alert you to SHIFTS OF THOUGHT.
• The most common switchback word is BUT.
• Others Although, however, nevertheless, on the
  other hand, even though, while, in spite of,
  despite, regardless of

87
New Information

• CORRECT ANSWER CHOICES will rarely have
  completely new information included.
• Answer choices are typically straightforward
  reflections of the material asked about and will
  directly relate to the question.
• If a new piece of information is included in an
  answer choice that doesnt even seem to relate to
  the topic being asked, the answer choice is
  probably INCORRECT.
• All of the information needed to answer the
  question is usually provided for you.
• You should not have to make guesses that are
  unsupported.
• You should not have to choose answer choices that
  require unknown information that cannot be
  reasoned on its own.

88
Time Management

• Dont get lost on technical terms.
• Dont spend too much time on any one question
  (Within reason An extended response will likely
  take you longer than a multiple choice question
  and ITLL BE WORTH MORE POINTS!)
• You cant use a dictionary, so if you dont know
  what a term means, odds are you arent going much
  further with that!
• You should immediately recognize terms as those
  you know and those you dont know.
• If you dont know a term, work with the other
  clues you have and the other answer choices and
  terms provided Then move on.

89
Contextual Clues(Look for them!)

• Contextual Clues will help you find the answer
  that is MOST right and IS CORRECT.
• An answer can be right, but NOT correct.
• Understand the context in which a phrase or
  statement is made.
• This will help you make distinctions that are
  important for choosing the right answer choice.

90
DONT PANIC!Panicking will NOT answer questions
for you.

• If your mind goes blank when seeing a question,
  TAKE A DEEP BREATH!
• Force yourself to go through the question STEP BY
  STEP.
• Mechanically go through the steps of
  answering/solving the problem/question using the
  strategies that you know and have learned.

91
Pace Yourself

• Dont be a clock watcher.
• Stay calm
• Maintain a pace YOUve set for YOURself.
• When you get towards the end of testing time,
  dont freak out!
• Remember you wont have as much of the test left
  at that point, so youre right on track!
• Take the remaining time provided if needed.
• Dont worry about how quickly others around you
  are getting done.

92
Answer Selection

• The BEST way to pick an answer choice is to
  eliminate all of those that are wrong, until
  theres only 1 left and youve confirmed its the
  right choice.
• Be careful of going with the first choice that
  looks right.
• Dont make a mistake due to rushing.
• READ THROUGH ALL THE CHOICES.
• Make sure theres not another choice thats
  equally as obvious as the first you saw.
• There are only 2 times you should stop before
  checking other answers When you are positive
  the answer youve selected is correct and when
  time is almost out and you need to make a quick
  guess.

93
Check Your Work

• Make sure youve answered all the questions (on
  the OGT answer document).
• Get credit for everything that you know dont
  miss questions due to careless mistakes.
• If you have time, go back over the answer
  selection a 2nd time to make sure youve selected
  the BEST answer choice(s) and havent made a
  silly error like marking something you didnt
  mean to mark.
• This quick check will be worth it!

94
Beware of directly quoted answers.

• More than likely, the correct answer choice will
  paraphrase or summarize a point and not use the
  exact same wording.
• Sometimes an answer choice will repeat word for
  word a portion of the question or reference
  section
• BEWARE! IT COULD BE A TRAP.

95
Slang

• Scientific/Scholarly sounding answers are better
  choices than those that use slang.
• Example
• An answer choice beginning with the words To
  compare the outcomes is more likely to be
  correct than one that starts Because some people
  insisted

96
Extreme Statements

• Avoid wild, out there answers.
• Avoid answer choices that have controversial
  ideas presented as fact.
• Choose calm, rational answer choice statements.
• Avoid choices that use definitive,
  uncompromising, no-wiggle-room statements.
• Choices that use hedge phrases give the answer
  wiggle room and should be looked at as possible
  correct answer choices.

97
Answer Choice Families

• A family of answer choices is when 2 or 3 answer
  choices are very similar in wording, yet they
  often have the opposite meaning.
• Example
• According the map, you can deduce that the
  Republican candidate won the support of the
  Southern states.
• According the map, you can deduce that the
  Democratic candidate won the support of the
  Southern states.
• Usually the correct answer choice will be in that
  family of answer choices.
• The odd one out answer choice or the one that
  doesnt seem to fit the wording of the other
  choices is more likely to be incorrect.
• Example (This would be added with the ones in
  the example above.)
• Theres no way to tell from the map which party
  won the Southern states.