Overview of the Body

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Chapter 1 Overview of the Body
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Outline

• Introduction to Anatomy Physiology
• Human Body Orientation
• C. Body Positions
• D. Movement
• E. Body Regions

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A. Introduction
Anatomy (morphology) cutting up the
structural make-up of an organism Physiology
The functions of an organism
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Fine or Microscopic Anatomy examines
microscopic features of the body (cells /
tissues) Gross Anatomy examines features of
the body visible to the naked eye (systems /
organs)
Pathology study of human diseases
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B. Human Body Orientation
When the body is in Anatomical Position it is
1) in an erect posture, 2) with arms at
the sides, 3) palms feet facing
forward.
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Directional orientation refers to the view one
has of a person Directional planes describe
different ways a body can be viewed divided
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Directional Orientation

• Superior
• toward the head

• Inferior
• toward the feet

Ex. Lungs are superior to the diaphragm.
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Directional Orientation

• Medial
• toward the midline

• Lateral
• away from the midline

Ex. Big toe is medial to the little toe.
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Directional Orientation

• Proximal
• close to an attachment point

• Distal
• far from an attachment point

Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist.
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Directional Orientation

• Superficial
• towards the surface

• Deep
• away from
• the surface

• Deep
• away from
• the surface

Ex. Skin is superficial to muscles.
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Directional Orientation

• Anterior
• (Ventral)
• front view

• Posterior
• (Dorsal)
• back view

Ex. Chest is anterior to shoulder blades
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Directional Planes

• Sagittal Plane
• lengthwise planes dividing the body into right
  left sections

• Midsagittal Plane
• divides the body into equal halves

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Directional Planes

• Frontal Plane
• divides the body vertically into anterior
  posterior sections

• Coronal Plane
• anterior posterior sections referring to head
  region

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Directional Planes

• Transverse Plane
• divides the body horizontally into upper lower
  sections

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Concept Check 1

• Define anatomy.
• 2. What is the difference between the study of
  fine anatomy and gross anatomy?
• 3. Distinguish the difference between the terms
  physiology and pathology?

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Concept Check 2

• Distinguish between the terms lateral and medial.
• 2. What is the difference between the terms
  inferior and distal?
• 3. What are alternate terms for anterior and
  posterior?

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Concept Check 3

• What is the difference between a sagittal plane
  and midsagittal plane?
• 2. Define the term frontal plane?
• 3. What does transverse plane mean?

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C. Body postions
SUPINE body is lying face up
PRONE body is lying face down

• Lithotomy
• legs are placed on supports
• that hold the ankles and spread out the legs

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D. Movement

• Antagonistic opposing movements

Flexion ? ? Extension Abduction ? ?
Adduction Inversion ? ? Eversion
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E. Body Regions and Cavities

• Body regions are divided into general locations,
  abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants

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Bilateral body parts located laterally on both
sides of the body
Unilateral single body part found in a lateral
location
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• The human body is naturally divided into internal
  cavities

Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity

• Thoracic cavity esophagus, heart, lungs,
• respiratory tree

Pleural cavities encase the lungs
Pericardial cavity encases heart
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Cutting Edge Research Smoking and the Thoracic
Cavity

• Pneumothorax condition in which one or both
  lungs collapse
• Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the absence
  of injury to the chest or lungs
• 7X more likely to occur in males than female
• male smokers are 20X more likely to develop SP
  
• than male nonsmokers
• female smokers are 9X more likely to develop SP
  
• than female nonsmokers

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• Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal and pelvic
  regions

Abdominal liver, gallbladder, intestines,
kidneys, spleen, stomach Pelvic
rectum, reproductve system, urinary bladder
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Abdominopelvic Regions Quadrants
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Dorsal Body Cavity

1. Spinal cavity spinal cord

1. Cranial cavity brain

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Online Review Game of Terms
http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
jIDAP15405
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Concept Check 4

• Define the term antagonistic in relation to body
  movement.
• Distinguish between the terms flexion and
  extension.
• Name and describe the antagonistic movements for
  flexion, abduction, and eversion.

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Concept Check 5

• Define the abdominopelvic region.
• What is the name of the center-most section of
  the abdominopelvic region?
• How does the quadrant system differ from the
  abdominopelvic sections.

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Concept Check 6

• What structures are found in the abdominopelvic
  cavity?
• Distinguish between the thoracic cavity and the
  spinal cavity.
• 3. What are the sections of the spinal cavity?

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Case Study Investigation 1 Conclusion

• What region did the knife enter? How do you
  know?
• What organs can be found in this region? Why
  might it be dangerous if these organs are
  punctured?
• Why do you think the patient is having trouble
  breathing? Is there a name for this condition?