Motivation: Why Nucleon Transition Form Factors?

1
Hadron Spectroscopy at CLAS The Evolution of
Strong Degrees of Freedom
Ralf W. Gothe
Seminar PHYS 745G Columbia, May 29

• Motivation Why Nucleon Transition Form Factors?
• Consistency N D, N Roper, and other N
  N Transitions
• Outlook Experiment and Theory

2
Physics Goals
lt
lt 0.1fm 0.1 1.0 fm
gt 1.0 fm
?
?
!
!
pQCD
Models Quarks and Gluons as
Quasiparticles
ChPT Nucleon and Mesons
!
?
!
q, g, qq
?

• Determine the electrocouplings of prominent
  excited nucleon states (N, ?) in the unexplored
  Q2 range of 0-5-12 GeV2 that will allow us to
• Study the structure of the nucleon spectrum in
  the domain where dressed quarks are the major
  active degree of freedom.
• Explore the formation of excited nucleon states
  in interactions of dressed quarks and their
  emergence from QCD.

3
What do we really know?
4
Quark Model Classification of N
q³g q³qq N-Meson
5
N and ? Excited States

• Orbital excitations
• (two distinct kinds)

• Radial excitations(also two kinds)

6
Missing Resonances?
Problem symmetric CQM predicts many more states
than observed (in pN scattering)
Possible solutions
1. di-quark model
old but always young
fewer degrees-of-freedom open question
mechanism for q2 formation?
2. not all states have been found

• possible reason decouple from pN-channel
• model calculations missing states couple to
• Npp (Dp, Nr), Nw, KY

3. coupled channel dynamics
new
all baryonic and mesonic excitations beyond the
groundstate octets and decuplet are generated by
coupled channel dynamics (not only L(1405),
L(1520), S11(1535) or f0(980))
7
The 6 GeV CW Electron Accelerator at JLab
Emax 6 GeV Imax 200 mA Duty Factor
100 sE/E 2.5 10-5 Beam P 85 Eg (tagged)
0.8 - 5.5 GeV
8
CLAS at JLab
9
CLAS for Inclusive ep eX at 4 GeV
CLAS

• Resonances cannot be uniquely separated in
  inclusive scattering

10
CLAS for Exclusive ep epX at 4 GeV
1.5
11
N D(1232) Transition Form Factors
SU(6) E1S10
12
Multipole Ratios REM, RSM before 1999
Sign?
Q2 dependence?

• Data could not determine sign or Q2 dependence

13
N D(1232) Transition Form Factors

• Lattice QCD indicates a small oblate deformation
  of the D(1232) and that the pion cloud makes E1
  /M1 more negative at small Q2.
• Data at low Q2 needed to study effects of the
  pion cloud.

14
Low Q2 Mutipole Ratios for REM, RSM
C. Alexandrou et al., PRL, 94, 021601 (2005)
REM ()
RSM ()

• Quenched LQCD describes REM within error bars,
  but shows discrepancies with RSM at low Q2 . Pion
  cloud effects?

15
Low Q2 Mutipole Ratios for REM, RSM
C. Smith
C. Alexandrou et al., PRL, 94, 021601 (2005)
preliminary

• Quenched LQCD describes REM within error bars,
  but shows discrepancies with RSM at low Q2 . Pion
  cloud effects?

• Significant discrepancy between CLAS and
  Bates/MAMI results for RSM.

16
Preliminary Multipole Ratios REM, RSM
preliminary

• Data at even lower Q2 are needed to investigate
  the pion cloud further.
• Data at high Q2 are needed to study the
  transition to pQCD.

17
Hadron Structure with Electromagnetic Probes
resolution
p,r,w
low
N,N,D,D
LQCD (Bowman et al.)
LQCD, DSE and
3q-coreMB-cloud
3q-core
high
pQCD
18
M. Polyakov
19
Constituent Counting Rule

• A1/2 a 1/Q3
• A3/2 a 1/Q5

20
N ? D Multipole Ratios REM , RSM
M. Ungaro

• GM 1/Q4

21
N ? D Multipole Ratios REM , RSM
A. Villano
but the trend that RSM becomes constant in the
limit of Q2 ? 8 seems to show up in the latest
MAID 2007 analysis of the high Q2 data.
22
Integrated Target and Beam-Target Asymmetries
A. Biselli
e p e'pp0
The asymmetries are integrated over q and j in
the Q2 range from 0.187 to 0.770 GeV2 and will
further reduce the model dependence of the
extracted resonance parameters.
23
Progress in Experiment and Phenomenology
Recent experimental and phenomenological efforts
show that meson-baryon contributions to resonance
formations drop faster with Q2 than contributions
from dressed quarks.
D(1232)P33
N(1440)P11
N(1520)D13
Np
A1/2
A1/2
pp0
Np
Npp
Npp
Dressed quarks (I. Aznauryan, M. Giannini and E.
Santopinto, B. Julia-Diaz et al.)
Meson-baryon cloud (EBAC)
24
Resonance Electrocouplings in Lattice QCD
N(1440)P11
D(1232)P33
Huey-Wen Lin

• LQCD calculations of the D(1232)P33 and
  N(1440)P11 transitions have been carried out with
  large
• p-masses.
• By the time of the upgrade LQCD calculations of
  N electrocouplings will be extended to Q2 10
  GeV2 near the physical p-mass as part of the
  commitment of the JLab LQCD and EBAC groups in
  support of this proposal.

see White Paper Sec. II and VIII
25
LQCD Light Cone Sum Rule (LCSR) Approach
LQCD is used to determine the moments of N
distribution amplitudes (DA) and the N
electrocouplings are determined from the
respective DAs within the LCSR framework.
Calculations of N(1535)S11 electrocouplings at Q2
up to 12 GeV2 are already available and shown by
shadowed bands on the plot. By the time of the
upgrade electrocouplings of others Ns will be
evaluated. These studies are part of the
commitment of the Univ. of Regensburg group in
support of this proposal.
see White Paper Sec. V
26
Dynamical Mass of Light Dressed Quarks
DSE and LQCD predict the dynamical generation of
the momentum dependent dressed quark mass that
comes from the gluon dressing of the current
quark propagator. These dynamical contributions
account for more than 98 of the dressed light
quark mass.
per dressed quark
DSE lines and LQCD triangles
Q2 12 GeV2 (p times number of quarks)2 12
GeV2 p 1.15 GeV
The data on N electrocouplings at 5ltQ2lt12 GeV2
will allow us to chart the momentum evolution of
dressed quark mass, and in particular, to explore
the transition from dressed to almost bare
current quarks as shown above.
27
Dyson-Schwinger Equation (DSE) Approach
DSE provides an avenue to relate N
electrocouplings at high Q2 to QCD and to test
the theorys capability to describe N formations
based on QCD.
DSE approaches provide a link between dressed
quark propagators, form factors, scattering
amplitudes, and QCD. N electrocouplings can be
determined by applying Bethe-Salpeter / Fadeev
equations to 3 dressed quarks while the
properties and interactions are derived from QCD.
By the time of the upgrade DSE electrocouplings
of several excited nucleon states will be
available as part of the commitment of the
Argonne NL and the University of Washington.
see White Paper Sec. III
28
Constituent Quark Models (CQM)
LC CQM
Relativistic CQM are currently the only available
tool to study the electrocouplings for the
majority of excited proton states. This activity
represent part of the commitment of the Yerevan
Physics Institute, the University of Genova,
INFN-Genova, and the Beijing IHEP groups to
refine the model further, e.g., by including qq
components.
see White Paper Sec. VI
29
Phenomenological Analyses

• Unitary Isobar Model (UIM) approach in single
  pseudoscalar meson production
• Fixed-t Dispersion Relations (DR)
• Isobar Model for Npp final state (JM)
• Coupled-Channel Approach (EBAC)

see White Paper Sec. VII
see White Paper Sec. VIII
30
Phenomenological Analyses in Single Meson
Production
Unitary Isobar Model (UIM) Nonresonant
amplitudes gauge invariant Born terms consisting
of t-channel exchanges and s- / u-channel nucleon
terms, reggeized at high W. pN rescattering
processes in the final state are taken into
account in a K-matrix approximation. Fixed-t
Dispersion Relations (DR) Relates the real and
the imaginary parts of the six invariant
amplitudes in a model-independent way. The
imaginary parts are dominated by resonance
contributions.
see White Paper Sec. VII
31
Legendre Moments of Unpolarized Structure
Functions
K. Park et al. (CLAS), Phys. Rev. C77, 015208
(2008)
Q22.05GeV2
Two conceptually different approaches DR and UIM
are consistent. CLAS data provide rigid
constraints for checking validity of the
approaches.
32
Energy-Dependence of p Multipoles for P11, S11
Q2 0 GeV2
The study of some baryon resonances becomes
easier at higher Q2.
preliminary
imaginary part
real part
33
and
BES/BEPC, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006)
Bing-Song Zou

• N(1440) M 1358 17
• G 179 56
• N(2050) M 2068 15- 40
• G 165 42

pN invariant mass / MC phase space
34
Nucleon Resonances in Np and Npp Electroproduction
Q2 lt 4.0 GeV2
p(e,e')X

• Npp channel is sensitive
• to Ns heavier than
• 1.4 GeV
• Provides information
• that is complementary
• to the Np channel
• Many higher-lying Ns
• decay preferentially into
• Npp final states

p(e,e'p)p0
p(e,e'p)n
p(e,e'pp)p-
W in GeV
35
JM Model Analysis of the ppp- Electroproduction
see White Paper Sec. VII
36

• JM Mechanisms as Determined by the CLAS 2p Data

Full JM calculation
pD0
pN(1520) D13
pN(1685) F15
2p direct
rp
p-D
Each production mechanism contributes to all nine
single differential cross sections in a unique
way. Hence a successful description of all nine
observables allows us to check and to establish
the dynamics of all essential contributing
mechanisms.
37

• Separation of Resonant/Nonresonant Contributions
  in 2p Cross Sections

nonresonant part
resonant part
Due to the marked differences in the
contributions of the resonant and nonresonant
parts to the cross sections, the nine observables
allow us to neatly disentangle these competing
processes.
38

• Electrocouplings of N(1440)P11 from CLAS Data

The good agreement on extracting the N
electrocouplings between the two exclusive
channels (1p/2p) having fundamentally
different mechanisms for the nonresonant
background provides evidence for the reliable
extraction of N electrocouplings.
39
Roper Electro-Coupling Amplitudes A1/2, S1/2
L. Tiator
A1/2
Comparison of MAID 08 and JLab analysis
S1/2
40
N(1520)D13 Electrocoupling Amplitudes A3/2, S1/2
I. Starkovski
41

• Electrocouplings of N(1520)D13 from the CLAS
  1p/2p data

10-3 GeV-1/2
world data
42
Combined 1p-2p JM Analysis of CLAS Data

• PDG at Q20
• Previous world data
• 2p analysis
• 1p-2p combined at ////Q20.65 GeV2
• Many more examples ////P11(1440), D13(1520),
  S31(1650), ////S11(1650), F15(1685), D13(1700),
  ////

preliminary
43
Higher Lying Resonances form the 2p JM Analysis
of CLAS Data
D(1700)D33
preliminary
N(1720)P13
The A1/2 electrocoupling of P13(1720) decreases
rapidly with Q2. At Q2gt0.9 GeV2 A3/2gtA1/2.
Will we able to access the Q2 region where the
A1/2 amplitude of P13(1720) dominates?
Npp CLAS
Np world Q20
Np world
44
High lying resonance in Npp CLAS data analysis
D33(1700)
P13(1720)
Preliminary
Preliminary
Npp CLAS
Np world
Np world Q20

• The Analysis of the CLAS Npp data provides for
  the first time information on electrocouplings of
  Ns that dominantly decay into the Npp final
  states
• The A1/2 electrocoupling of P13(1720) decreases
  rapidly with Q2. At Q2gt0.9 GeV2 A3/2gtA1/2.
  Will we able to access the Q2 region where the
  A1/2 amplitude of P13(1720) dominates?

45
Combined 1p-2p Analysis of CLAS Data
preliminary

• PDG at Q20
• 2p analysis
• 1p-2p combined at Q20.65 GeV2
• Previous world data

46
CLAS12 Detector Base Equipment
47
Inclusive Structure Function in the Resonance
Region
P. Stoler, PRPLCM 226, 3 (1993) 103-171
48
CLAS 12 Kinematic Coverage and Counting Rates
Genova-EG
(e',p) detected
Genova-EG
(e',p) detected
(E,Q2) (5.75 GeV, 3 GeV2) (11 GeV, 3 GeV2) (11 GeV, 12 GeV2)
Np 1.41105 6.26106 5.18104
Npp0 - 4.65105 1.45104
Nph - 1.72104 1.77104
60 days
SI-DIS
(e,p) detected
L1035 cm-2 sec-1, W1535 GeV, ?W 0.100 GeV, ?Q2
0.5 GeV2
49
Angular Acceptance of CLAS12
p Acceptance for cos(q) 0.01
Full kinematical coverage in W, Q2, Q, and F
50
W and Missing Mass Resolutions with CLAS12
W calculated from electron scattering
exclusive ppp- final state
Final state selection by Missing Mass
FWHM
FWHM
MX2 (GeV2)
51
Kinematic Coverage of CLAS12
60 days
L 1035 cm-2 sec-1, ?W 0.025 GeV, ?Q2 0.5
GeV2
(e,ppp-) detected
Genova-EG
52
Summary

• We will measure and determine the
  electrocouplings A1/2, A 3/2, S1/2 as a function
  of Q2 for prominent nucleon and ? states,
• see our Proposal http//www.physics.sc.edu/gothe/
  research/pub/nstar12-12-08.pdf.
• Comparing our results with LQCD, DSE, LCSR, and
  rCQM will gain insight into
• the strong interaction of dressed quarks and
  their confinement in baryons,
• the dependence of the light quark mass on
  momentum transfer, thereby shedding light on
  chiral-symmetry breaking, and
• the emergence of bare quark dressing and dressed
  quark interactions from QCD.
• This unique opportunity to understand origin of
  98 of nucleon mass is also an experimental and
  theoretical challenge. A wide international
  collaboration is needed for the
• theoretical interpretation on N
  electrocouplings, see our White Paper
  http//www.physics.sc.edu/gothe/research/pub/whit
  e-paper-09.pdf, and
• development of reaction models that will account
  for hard quark/parton contributions at high Q2.
• Any constructive criticism or direct
  participation is very welcomed, please contact
• Viktor Mokeev mokeev_at_jlab.org or Ralf Gothe
  gothe_at_sc.edu.

53
Conclusion Do Exclusive Electron Scattering
... to Learn QCD!
54
Supplement
55
Nucleon Resonance Studies with CLAS12

• D. Arndt4, H. Avakian6, I. Aznauryan11, A.
  Biselli3, W.J. Briscoe4, V. Burkert6,
• V.V. Chesnokov7, P.L. Cole5, D.S. Dale5, C.
  Djalali10, L. Elouadrhiri6, G.V. Fedotov7,
• T.A. Forest5, E.N. Golovach7, R.W. Gothe10, Y.
  Ilieva10, B.S. Ishkhanov7,
• E.L. Isupov7, K. Joo9, T.-S.H. Lee1,2, V.
  Mokeev6, M. Paris4, K. Park10,
• N.V. Shvedunov7, G. Stancari5, M. Stancari5, S.
  Stepanyan6, P. Stoler8,
• I. Strakovsky4, S. Strauch10, D. Tedeschi10, M.
  Ungaro9, R. Workman4,
• and the CLAS Collaboration
• JLab PAC 34, January 26-30, 2009
• Argonne National Laboratory (IL,USA)1, Excited
  Baryon Analysis Center (VA,USA)2,
• Fairfield University (CT, USA)3, George
  Washington University (DC, USA)4,
• Idaho State University (ID, USA)5, Jefferson Lab
  (VA, USA)6,
• Moscow State University (Russia)7, Rensselaer
  Polytechnic Institute (NY, USA)8,
• University of Connecticut (CT, USA)9, University
  of South Carolina (SC, USA)10,
• and Yerevan Physics Institute (Armenia) 11
• Spokesperson
• Contact Person

55
56
Theory Support Group

• V.M. Braun8, I. Cloët9, R. Edwards5, M.M.
  Giannini4,7, B. Julia-Diaz2, H. Kamano2,
• T.-S.H. Lee1,2, A. Lenz8, H.W. Lin5, A.
  Matsuyama2, M.V. Polyakov6, C.D. Roberts1,
• E. Santopinto4,7, T. Sato2, G. Schierholz8, N.
  Suzuki2, Q. Zhao3, and B.-S. Zou3
• JLab PAC 34, January 26-30, 2009
• Argonne National Laboratory (IL,USA)1,
• Excited Baryon Analysis Center (VA,USA)2,
• Institute of High Energy Physics (China)3,
• Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy)4,
• Jefferson Lab (VA, USA)5,
• Ruhr University of Bochum (Germany)6,
• University of Genova (Italy)7,
• University of Regensburg (Germany)8,
• and University of Washington (WA, USA)9

56
57
Physics Goals

• Measure differential cross sections and
  polarization observables in single and double
  pseudoscalar meson production pn, p0p, hp and
  pp-p over the full polar and azimuthal angle
  range.
• Determine electrocouplings of prominent excited
  nucleon states (N, ?) in the fully unexplored
  Q2 range of 5-12 GeV2 and extend considerably the
  data base on fundamental form factors of nucleon
  states, which is needed to explore the
  confinement in the baryon sector.
• These data for the first time will allow us to
• Study the structure of the nucleon spectrum in
  the domain where dressed quarks are the major
  active degree of freedom.
• Explore the formation of excited nucleon states
  in interactions of dressed quarks and their
  emergence from QCD.

ultimate goal
address more sharply
58
Projected A1/2 Helicity Amplitudes
59
Angular Acceptance of CLAS12
p Acceptance for cos(q) 0.01
Full kinematical coverage in W, Q2, Q, and F
60
S11(1535) Electro-Coupling Amplitudes A1/2, S1/2
preliminary
61
D13(1520) Helicity Asymmetry
A1/2
A3/2
62
Contributing Mechanisms to g()p ? ppp-
Isobar Model JM05
Full calculations
gp ? p-D
gp ? pD0
gp ? pD13(1520)
gp ? rp
gp ? p-D(1600)
gp ? pF015(1685)
direct 2p production

• The combined fit of nine single differential
  cross sections allowed to establish all
  significant mechanisms.

63
Separation of Resonant/Nonresonant Contributions
in 2p Cross Sections
full cross sections
resonant part
non-resonant part
The reliable resonant / non-resonant cross
section separation allows to isolate the N
contribution and demonstrates the degree of model
independence.
64
Helicity Asymmetry in 2p Production
CLAS
S. Strauch
Calculations Mokeev (dashed) Fix (solid)
parity conservation
65
Helicity Asymmetry in 2p Production
CLAS
S. Strauch

• Sequential Decay of the D13(1520) resonance via
  pD
• or higher lying resonances