REVISION UNIT 4: DEPRESSION

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REVISION UNIT 4 DEPRESSION
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WHAT ARE THE KEY AREAS OF THE SPECIFICATION?

• 1. CLININCAL CHARACTERISITICS
• 2. ISSUES SURROUNDING THE CLASSIFICATION AND
  DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION, INCLUDING RELIABILITY
  AND VALIDITY
• 3. BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF DEPRESSION FOR
  EXAMPLE, GENETICS, BIOCHEMISTRY
• 4. BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES OF DEPRESSION, INCLUDING
  THEIR EVALUATION IN TERMS OF APPROPRIATENESS AND
  EFFECTIVENESS
• 5. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF DEPRESSION FOR
  EXAMPLE, BEHAVIOURAL, COGNITIVE, PSYCHODYNAMIC
• 6. PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES FOR DEPRESSION AND
  INCLUDING THEIR EVALUATION IN TERMS OF
  APPROPRIATENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS.

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CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS

• Outline clinical characteristics of depression
• Outline three clinical characteristics of
  depression
• What is depression?
• How does it affect people? And who is it likely
  to affect?
• What are the different types of depression
  recognised by the DSM-IV-TR?
• What is the diagnositic criteria for depression?
  (i.e. 2 wks)
• What are the signs/symptoms of depression?
• ------------ KEEP IT CONCISE -------------------
• Q may vary from 5 / 6 / 9 marks.

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ISSUES SURROUNDING THE CLASSIFICATION AND
DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION, INCLUDING RELIABILITY
AND VALIDITY

• EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS
• Describe and evaluate issues in classifying or
  diagnosing depression
• Discuss the issues which apply to diagnosing
  depression
• To what extent are diagnoses of depression
  reliable and valid?
• --------------------------------------------------
  --------
• WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
• What are the different ways of classifying
  depressive disorder? (reliability)
• How is diagnosis confirmed? (reliability)
• How valid are the diagnostic categories?
  (validity)
• What are the issues surrounding differential
  diagnosis and how do they relate to validity?
  (validity)
• What other issues affect the validity of
  diagnosis?

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BIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONSDescribe each factor and
evaluate

• Describe and evaluate (two or more)
• Discuss
• MOST IMPORTANT MUST MAKE REFERENCE TO RESEARCH
  STUDIES

GENETIC FAMILY STUDIES Gershon(1990) Weissman (1984), Oruc et al(1998) ADOPTION STUDIES Wendler (1986) TWIN STUDIES Allen (1976), Bierut (1999), Kendler (2006) Andrews (1998), Sevey (2000)
BIOCHEMICAL AMINE HYPOTHESIS Mcneal and Cimbolic (1986), Mann(1986), Delack (1995), Zhou (2005) NEUROENDOCRINE FACTORS cortisols FEMALE HORMONES PND-Cooper (1988). PMD-Dalton (1964). MD low levels oestrogen
NEUROANATOMICAL Head injuries prefrontal lobes. Starkstein and Robinson (1991), Powell and Miklowitz (1994), Nemeroff et al (1992)
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Revision strategy
explanation studies Evaluation and studies
genetic
twin kendler Not 100 c rate Kendler diatheisis stress model
family
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BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES
THERAPIES RESEARCH STUDIES EVALUATION IN TERMS OF EFFECTIVENESS AND APPROPRIATENESS
DRUGS ANTI-DEPRESSANTS MAOIS / TRICYCLICS / SSRIS Olfson et al (06) high suicide attempts for 6-18 yr olds David et al (09) rodents prozac Kirsch (08) SRRIs Furukawa et al (03) placebos Akira (09) increase effectiveness Treat symptoms not cause Combining drugs and psychological treatment
ECT Explain the Procedures Levy (1968) less memory loss Paguin et al (08) ECT valid for severe depression Taylor (07) 80 response for severe depression side effects Use of it 1970-1986 Coffey (1998) risk factors Sackheim (2001) relapse
PSYCHOSURGERY Surgery involving removal of neural tissues in the brain Last resort Effectiveness Issues of informed consent
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Exam style questions

• Outline and evaluate biological therapies as
  treatments of depression
• Outline one biological therapy for the treatment
  of depression

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PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS

• 1. PSYCHODYNAMIC EXPLANATIONS
• Freud (1917) / Bowlby (1965), Bifulco et al
  (1987), Abela (2007), Swaffer and Hollin (2001)
• EVALUATION Difficult to test, effects of loss
  of parents, significance of findings
• 2. BEHAVIOURAL EXPLANATIONS
• Lewinsohn (1974) Learning Theory, Seligman (1974)
  Learned Helplessness, Rehm (1977), Rice and
  Mclaughlin (2001)
• EVALUATION not complete, Ferster (1973),
  Inconsistent findings
• 3. COGNITIVE EXPLANATIONS
• Beck (1974) Hopelessness theory, Becks cognitive
  theory of depression, Boury (2001), Saisto et al
  (2001), Mcintosh and Fischer (2000)
• EVALUATION- Effective, successful, negative
  thinking linked
• 4. SOCIO-CULTURAL EXPLANATIONS
• Diathesis-stress model. Genetic disposition and
  reaction to stressful life/environmental factors.
  Leavey (2007), Cox (2007), Takaaki (2007)

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Exam style questions

• Discuss psychological explanations of depression
• Outline one psychological explanation of
  depression
• Discuss two or more psychological explanations of
  depression

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PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES how effective and
appropriate are they?
EXPLANATION THERAPY EVALUATION/STUDIES
PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOANALYSIS uses free association/dreams/word association/transference ITP De clerq (1999) Burnard (2002) Carreira (2009 Eysenck (1952)
BEHAVIOURAL Behavioural therapy Lewinsohn (1974) Houghton (2008) Herson (1984) La Fromboise and Rowe (1983)
COGNITIVE CBT Beck (1976) REBT Ellis (1962) Whitfield and Williams (2003) Flannaghan et al (1987)
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Exam style questions

• Outline one psychological therapy for the
  treatment of depression
• Discuss psychological therapies
• Discuss the effectiveness and appropriateness of
  two or more psychological therapies
• Outline and evaluate psychological therapies as
  treatments of depression