BBL 3403 RESEARCH METHODS IN LITERATURE

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BBL 3403RESEARCH METHODS IN LITERATURE

• DR. IDA BAIZURA BAHAR
• SLIDE B

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Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism
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Citing Sources

• Why do you need to cite?
• Give credit for the work you have built on in
  your arguments
• Get credit for the work you have done yourself
• cite make reference to

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Citing Sources

• You must cite your source
• When you quote from someones work
• When you paraphrase someones work
• When you use or refer to published data
• When you follow someones research method
• When you use any idea from someones work
• (Turabian, 2007)

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Citing Sources

• You dont need to cite
• General reference resources, such as a dictionary
  or encyclopaedia
• Common knowledge or facts
• (this does not mean you can copy from texts
  word-for-word).
• Your own arguments and original ideas
• (but you must ask for permission to use
  part/all of previously submitted material)

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Citing Sources

• A reference consists of
• In-text citation (parenthetical citation)
• Full entry in the list of works cited.
• You must give both parts of the reference to
  avoid the charge of plagiarism!

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Citing Sources

• Ecocriticism has been glossed as the study of
  the relationship
• between literature and the physical environment
  and has been
• hailed as a recent branch of literary studies
  that takes an earth-
• centered approach to the study of texts (Garrard
  1).
• .
• Works Cited
• Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. London Routledge,
  2004. Print.

In-text citation and its corresponding entry in
the list of works cited
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Citing Sources

• Academic research papers may be written in
  different formats depending on the type of paper
  being written.
• Commonly used styles are
• MLA (Modern Language Association) - used in
  literature, arts and the humanities
• APA (American Psychological Association) - used
  in social sciences, such as psychology and
  education
• Chicago commonly used by individuals in the
  humanities

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Citing Sources

• MLA 7th Edition Format

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Citing Sources

• Works Cited  the title of your list of
  citations when using the MLA format.
• References  the title of your list of citations
  when using the APA format .
• Works Cited, References only list items you
  have actually cited in your paper
• Bibliography list all of the material you have
  consulted in preparing your essay, whether or not
  you have actually cited the work

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Citing Sources

• MLA regulates
• Document Format
• In-text citations
• Works Cited

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MLA Document Format

• Double-space everything
• Use 12 pt. Times New Roman font (or similar font)
• Leave only one space after punctuation
• Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides
• Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch

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MLA In-text Citations

• The source is introduced by a signal phrase that
  names its author.
• Wordsworth states that Romantic poetry was
  marked by a spontaneous overflow of powerful
  feelings (263).
• The material being cited is followed by a page
  number in parentheses.
• Romantic poetry is characterized by the
  spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
  (Wordsworth 263).

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MLA In-text Citations

• More examples
• Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke
  as symbol-using animals (3).
• Human beings have been described as symbol-using
  animals (Burke 3).

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MLA In-text Citations

• Smith, Yang, and Moore argue that tougher gun
  control is not needed in the United States (76).
• The authors state Tighter gun control in the
  United States erodes Second Amendment rights
  (Smith, Yang, and Moore 76).

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MLA In-text Citations

• When you want to cite, quote, summarize or
  paraphrase.

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MLA In-text Citations

• A Quotation
• Identical to the originalword for word.
• The most specific of the three techniques, but
  should be used the least.
• Should never stand by itself as a complete
  sentence (known as a floating quote).
• e.g.
• Romantic poetry is characterized by the
  spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
  (Wordsworth 263). X
• Requires a parenthetical citationotherwise, its
  plagiarism.

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MLA In-text Citations

• Short quotation
• According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express
  profound aspects of personality (184).
• Long quotation
• Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and
  dehumanizes him
• throughout her narration
• They entirely refused to have it in bed with
  them, or even in their room, and I had no more
  sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs,
  hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance,
  or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept
  to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on
  quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to
  how it got there I was obliged to confess, and
  in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was
  sent out of the house (Bronte 78).

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MLA In-text Citations

• A Summary
• A general restatement of the main idea of a
  passage.
• The most general of the three techniques.
• Requires that you clearly understand the original
  passage so you do not distort its meaning.
• Uses your own original wording and sentence
  structureotherwise, its plagiarism.
• Is much shorter in length than the original.
• Requires a parenthetical citationotherwise, its
  plagiarism.

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MLA In-text Citations

• Original passage
• Students frequently overuse direct
  quotation in taking notes, and as a result they
  overuse quotations in the final research paper.
  Probably only about 10 of your final manuscript
  should appear as directly quoted matter.
  Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount
  of exact transcribing of source materials while
  taking notes.
• Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.
  14th ed. New York Pearson, 2010. Print.
• A summary
• Students should take just a few notes in
  direct quotation from sources to help minimize
  the amount of quoted material in a research paper
  (Lester 48).

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MLA In-text Citations

• A Paraphrase
• A precise restatement of a short passageusually
  no more than a sentence or two.
• More specific than summary, but more general than
  a quotation.
• Requires that you clearly understand the original
  passage so you do not distort its meaning.
• Uses your own original wording and sentence
  structureotherwise, its plagiarism.
• Is usually very close to the same length as the
  original passage.
• Requires a parenthetical citationotherwise, its
  plagiarism.

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MLA In-text Citations

• Original passage
• Students frequently overuse direct quotation in
  taking notes, and as a result they overuse
  quotations in the final research paper.
  Probably only about 10 of your final manuscript
  should appear as directly quoted matter.
  Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount
  of exact transcribing of source materials while
  taking notes.
• Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers.
  14th ed. New York Pearson, 2010. Print.
• A paraphrase
• In research papers students often quote
  excessively, failing to keep quoted material down
  to a desirable level. Since the problem usually
  originates during note taking, it is essential to
  minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester
  48).

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MLA Works Cited

• Basic format
• Book
• Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of
  Publication Publisher, Year of Publication.
  Medium of Publication.
• Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London
  Oxford UP, 1967. Print.

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MLA Works Cited

• Article in Scholarly Journal
• Author(s). Title of Article. Title of Journal
  Volume. Issue (Year) pages. Medium of
  publication.
• Duvall, John N. The (Super)Marketplace of
  Images Television as Unmediated Mediation in
  DeLillo's White Noise. Arizona Quarterly 50.3
  (1994) 127- 53. Print.

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MLA Works Cited

• Web Source
• Editor, author, or compiler name (if available).
  Article Name. Name of Site. Version number.
  Name of institution/organization affiliated with
  the site (sponsor or publisher), Date of last
  update. Medium of publication. Date of access.
• Bernstein, Mark. 10 Tips on Writing the Living
  Web. A List Apart For People Who Make Websites.
  A List Apart Mag., 16 Aug. 2002. Web. 4 May 2009.

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Plagiarism

• Three different acts considered as plagiarism
• Failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas
• Failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation
  marks
• Failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your
  own words
• (Hacker, 2009)

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Avoiding Plagiarism

• Give credit where it is due/Cite your sources
• Learn to quote and paraphrase your sources
  properly
• Map out your argument and then bring in sources
  to support it

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Test yourself!
.

• Which is the plagiarized version?
• Original Source Material Theories differ from
  philosophies and models of teaching. A philosophy
  is a value system, whereas a theory seeks to
  explain real-world events and can be certified
  through scientific investigation. 
• Source Gredler, Michael. Learning and
  instruction Theory into practice . 4th ed..
  Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall, 2001.
  Print.

Theories and philosophies are different from each
other because theories seek to explain real-world
events and can be certified through scientific
investigation.
Theories and philosophies are different from each
other because, according to  Gredler, theories
seek to explain real-world events and can be
certified through scientific investigation (23).
A
B
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Test yourself!
.

• Is there plagiarism here?
• Original Source Material  Good writing has an
  aliveness that keeps the reader reading from one
  paragraph to the next, and it's not a question of
  gimmicks to "personalize the author. Its a
  question of using the English language in a way
  that will achieve the greatest strength and the
  least clutter.
• Source  Zinsser, William. On Writing Well.
  Oxford Oxford UP, 2007. Print.

An important quality of good writing is
"aliveness" (Zinsser 6). To achieve aliveness, a
writer must avoid gimmicks and instead use the
English language to achieve great strength and a
minimal amount of clutter. 
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Test yourself!
.

• Is there plagiarism here?
• Original Source Material  I first went down the
  Colorado River in the Grand Canyon in May of
  1976, just after writing a book on the Green
  River, during which time I had studiously avoided
  running the Colorado River because I didn't want
  to lose focus, didn't want to be over-whelmed by
  this massive canyon, this overpowering river.
  When that book was over- and published, I wanted
  to complete my time of river running with the
  ultimate the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon,
  sure that I would write no more river books, do
  no more river trips, and this rowing trip would
  be the grand finale (so to speak).
• Source  Zwinger, Ann H. The Grand Canyon
  Intimate Views. Harvard Harvard UP, 1998. Print.
  

Though writer Ann Zwinger devoted much of her
adult life to studying and writing about rivers,
she carefully avoided the Colorado River for many
years. Zwinger didn't want to be overcome by this
magnificent river. Instead, she wanted to save
the Colorado River until the end of her career as
a river runner, believing that it "would be the
grand finale (ix).