Animal Tissues

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Animal Tissues

• What are tissues?
• Groups of cells with common structure and
  function.
• Epithelial Tissues
• Connective Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Muscle Tissue

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Organs

• Different tissues organize into organs
• Stomach has 4 tissue layers
• Epithelium lines lumen and secretes digesitve
  juices
• Connective tissue lies outside this epthelium
• Smooth muscle lies next
• Connective tissue on outermost layer
• Mesenteries are connective tissues that hold
  organs in place

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Body Cavities

• What are the two body cavities found in mammals?
• Thoracic cavity houses the lungs and heart
• Abdominal cavity lower cavity separated by
  diaphragm
• Organ systems

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Digestive Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, intestines, pancreas, anus Processes Food
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood Distribution of materials
Respiratory Lungs, trachea Gas exchange
Immune, Lymphatic Bone marrow, lymph, thymus spleen, white blood cells Body defense
Excretory Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Removal of metabolic waste, water balance
Endocrine Pituitary, thyroid, panceras etc Coordination of body activities
Reproductive Ovaries, testes and associated organs reproduction
Nervous Brain. Spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs Response to stimuli
Integumentary Skin, hair, claws, etc Protection against desiccation, and infection
Skeletal Skeleton, bones, tendons Body support
Muscular Sleletal muscles movement
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Bioenergetics

• Food contains the energy that keeps animals
  alive.
• What do our bodies do with food?

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Metabolic Rate

• Metabolic rate total energy an animal uses per
  unit time
• BMR basal metabolic rate of resting endothermic
  animal
• Human adult males 1600-1800 kcal/day
• Human adult females 1300-1500 kcal/day
• SMR standard metabolic rate of ectotherm at a
  specific temperature

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Bioenergetics

• Metabolic rate total energy an animal uses per
  unit time
• Endothermic animals are warmed by metabolism,
  must work to keep body temp. constant
• Birds, mammals
• High energy expenditure
• Capable of intense, long duration activity over
  wide range of temps.
• Ectothermic animals warm themselves by absorbing
  heat from their environment
• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, invertebrates
• Lower energy expenditure
• Not capable of endurance
• When cold, cannot act quickly

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Size and Metabolic Rate

• Amount of energy that it takes to maintain each
  gram of body weight is inversely related to body
  size
• Ex. Each gram of mouse requires 20X as many
  calories as a gram of elephant
• Use proportionately more oxygen
• Has higher breathing rate, blood volume, heart
  rate, and eats proportionately more food
• WHY??

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• Greater SAvolume in small animals, causes
  greater loss of heat. (maybe)
• Fails to explain the inverse relationship in
  ectotherms, which do not use energy to maintain
  body temp

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Thermoregulation

• Countercurrent heat exchangers
• Nonshivering thermogenesis hormones cause
  mitochondria to shift their metabolic production
  from ATP to heat
• Can happen throughout the body, but brown fat
  areas (in neck and between shoulders) specialize
  in this
• Torpor and hibernation

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Body Plans

• Single celled organisms have entire surface area
  in contact with environment
• Simple multicellular organisms keep flat body
  plan with thin cells
• Larger more complex animals fold their internal
  surfaces to keep exchange with environment.

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Homeostasis

• Interstitial fluid internal fluid found between
  body cells
• Homeostasis maintaining a steady state
• Feedback circuits help maintain homeostasis

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Covers outside of body and lines organs and
cavities. Notice how structure fits function.
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Made of collagen, non-elastic does not tear easily
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