1.3: Studying LIFE

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1.3 Studying LIFE

• VOCABULARY
• Biology
• DNA
• Stimulus
• Sexual reproduction
• Asexual reproduction
• Metabolism
• Homeostasis
• Biosphere
• Evolve

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What are some characteristics of living things?
What does it mean to be ALIVE?

• 1) Living things are ORGANIZED.

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1) Living things are ORGANIZED.

• Made up of cells
• UNICELLULAR one celled
• MULTICELLULAR many celled

Unicellular Protozoans
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2) Living things are based on a universal
genetic code
DNA!
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3) Living things REPRODUCE.

• ? ASEXUAL one parent cell division, cloning,
  budding, regeneration

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3) Living things REPRODUCE.

• ? SEXUAL two parents sperm and egg

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4) Growth Development

• Growth increase in size formation of new
  structures (could be at the cellular level)
• Development cells increase in number and become
  different (differentiate)

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5) Response to the Environment

• Examples
• A plant seed only germinates when there is
  sufficient water and temperature.
• Plant roots grow down.
• Plant leaves grow towards sunlight.

• Heat
• Light
• Pressure
• Sound
• Gravity

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6) Maintaining Internal Balance

• HOMEOSTASIS process by which organisms keep
  their internal conditions relatively stable
• Example How do humans maintain the same body
  temperature?
• too hot we sweat
• too cold we shiver

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7) Living things require ENERGY.

• All living things use energy make their own
  energy or consume energy
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS using light energy to make
  food energy
• METABOLISM combination of chemical reactions
  through which an organism builds up or breaks
  down materials

Uses Metabolism
Photosynthesis
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8) ADAPTATION EVOLUTION

• ? ADAPTATION any structure, behavior, or
  internal process that enables an organism to
  respond to stimuli and to better survive in a
  particular environment

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8) ADAPTATION EVOLUTION

• ? EVOLUTION change over time
• A group of organisms can change over time
• Even though an individual develops, their
  inherited traits do not change

leg bone in a whale
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Branches of Biology

• Diversity of life is so great,
• biology is separated into branches
• ZOOLOGY study animals
• MICROBIOLOGY study bacteria
• BOTANY study plants
• ETHOLOGY study animal behavior
• PALEONTOLOGY study life from the past

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Levels of Organization

• Biosphere gt Ecosystem gt Community gt Population gt
  Organism gt Organ Systems gt Organs gt Group of
  Cells (Tissues) gt Cells gt Molecules gt Atoms gt
  Protons, Neutrons, Electrons

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How do we study living organisms?

• Key Concepts
• What measurement system do most scientists use?
• How are light microscopes and electron
  microscopes similar? How are they different?

• Vocabulary
• Metric system
• Microscope
• Compound light microscope
• Electron microscope
• Cell culture
• Cell fractionation

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Metric System

• Length
• Meters
• Mass
• Grams
• Volume
• Liters
• Temperature
• ºCelsius

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UNITS!
SCALE multiples of 10

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Analyzing Biological Data The simple way to
record data

• ? Make a table
• ? Then make a graph
• Graphs make patterns
• easier to recognize
• and understand

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Organizing DataData is organized and presented
in tables, charts, and graphs.
GRAPHING...

• GRAPH visual representation of data
• 1) DESCRIPTIVE title
• 2) x and y axis labeled
• 3) units for both the x and y axis
• 4) scale is evenly and correctly spaced for data
• 5) legend / key when appropriate

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LINE GRAPH

• LINE GRAPH best for displaying data that CHANGE.
• Independent Variable x-axis
• Dependent Variable y-axis

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BAR GRAPHS
BAR GRAPH useful when you want to compare data
for several individual items
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MICROSCOPES!

• Light Microscopes
• Electron Microscopes

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MICROSCOPES

• COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE most common scope
• Advantages get higher magnification than with a
  dissecting scope.
• Drawbacks the light comes from below so sample
  must be very thin so you can see
• Useful for viewing single cells
• Usually view dead things with this microscope.
• Limit of resolution if you magnify beyond this
  point, the object will be blurry.

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EYEPIECE
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
FINE ADJUSTMENT
ARM
LOW-POWER OBJECTIVE
ARM
HIGH-POWER OBJECTIVE
STAGE
STAGECLIPS
FINE ADJUSTMENT
STAGECLIPS
BASE
IRIS
MIRROR
COURSE ADJUSTMENT
LAMP
DIAPHRAGM
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• DISSECTING MICROSCOPE used to view dissection or
  small live (sleeping) animals such as fruit
  flies.
• Advantages can view samples that are alive
  large field of view
• Drawbacks magnification is not as high as other
  microscopes.

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• SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) used to see
  very small stuff
• Advantages can study very small objects such as
  viruses and individual molecules limit of
  resolution is 1000x that of a light microscope.
• Drawbacks done in a vacuum, so object must be
  dead also very expensive!

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Face of an ant!
IMAGES
PINHEAD
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Laboratory Techniques

• ? Cell Culture
• -a group of cells develops from a single
  original cell.
• ? Cell fractionation Centrifugation
• -used to separate the different parts of a cell
• 1) Cells are blended
• 2) Added to a liquid and placed in a tube
• 3) Centrifuge at 20,000 revolutions per minute
• 4) Spinning separates the cell parts by density.

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In comparing differences in sea level from decade
to decade, a scientist should use what type of
graph?

1. Bar graph
2. Pie Chart
3. Line graph

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On that graph, what would be on the x-axis? On
the y-axis?

• X-axis time in decades
• Y-axis sea level in kilometers

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Welcome to BIOLOGY! ?