Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration
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ogy/chapter6section1.rhtml
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Cellular Respiration

• The process by which the mitochondria breaks down
  glucose to produce ATP is called cellular
  respiration.

C6H12O6 6O2 ? 6CO2 6H2O
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Cellular Respiration

• When the body has oxygen, aerobic respiration can
  take place and produce 38 energy molecules.
• There are 3 stages of aerobic respiration
• Glycolysis
• Citric acid cycle
• Electron transport chain

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Glycolysis

• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the
  cell.

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Glycolysis

• Glycolysis is the process where glucose is broken
  down in 2 pyruvic acid molecules. Pyruvic acid
  is a 3 carbon molecule.
• The net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis is 2
  ATP molecules.

4 -2 2
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Glycolysis

• Following glycolysis, the pyruvic acid moves into
  the mitochondria.

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The Citric Acid Cycle
AKA Krebs cycle

• The Krebs cycle takes place in the MATRIX!
• Pyruvic acid enters the citric acid cycle and
  becomes broken down. As this occurs, 2 carbon
  dioxide molecules are released.
• In addition, 2 ATP molecules are released.
• Electron carriers such as FAD and NAD are used to
  pick up energized electrons and pass them to the
  ETC.

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In a nutshell
FYI Flavin adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide
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The Electron Transport Chain

• The last step of respiration is the electron
  transport chain or ETC.
• It takes place in the inner membrane space.
• In the presence of oxygen, the electron transport
  chain will produce 32 ATP molecules and water.
• The grand total of ATP molecules released from
  AEROBIC respiration is 36.

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38
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Electron Transport Chain

• Electron carriers NADH and FADH2 release the
  Hydrogen ions across the membrane. This creates
  a concentration gradient.
• When oxygen enters the ETC, it becomes the final
  electron acceptor of the Hydrogens and creates
  H2O.
• As the hydrogen ions come back across the
  membrane, ADP is converted into ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain

• Electron carriers NADH and FADH release the
  Hydrogen ions to proteins to cross the membrane.
  This creates a concentration gradient.
• When oxygen enters the ETC, it becomes the final
  electron acceptor of the Hydrogen ions and
  creates H2O.
• As the hydrogen ions come back across the
  membrane, ADP is converted into ATP.

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THE BIG PICTURE
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Anaerobic Respiration
AKA Fermentation

• There are times when cells are without oxygen for
  a short period of time. When this happens,
  anaerobic respiration is taking place.
• In anaerobic respiration, the first 2 steps of
  respiration will take place however, the ETC
  will not take place.
• The grand total of ATP molecules released will be
  4.

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Types of Anaerobic Respiration

• When our cells run out of oxygen and begin
  fermentation, we build up lactic acid. That
  lactic acid build up in the muscle makes us feel
  a cramp.
• C6H12O6 ? ATP lactic acid

Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Types of Anaerobic Respiration

• Some bacteria also undergo fermentation. They
  release ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• C6H12O6 ? ATP CO2 ethyl alcohol
• This process is key for the bacteria that create
  wine and apple juice.

Alcoholic Fermentation
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Types of Anaerobic Respiration

• Yeast also undergo this type of fermentation when
  making bread.

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Comparing Photosynthesis and Respiration
Respiration
Photosynthesis

• Glucose made
• Light energy required
• ATP broken down in 2nd phase of p.s.
• CO2 taken in
• O2 released
• Needs water
• Takes place in chloroplast
• Takes place in autotrophs

• Glucose broken down
• Light is not required
• Energy created in ATP
• CO2 released
• O2 taken in
• Water released
• Takes place in mitochondria
• Takes place in all organisms

• Require use of ATP molecules
• Take place in plants
• Necessary to sustain all life on earth