ATP

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ATP

• SC.912.L.18.10

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Essential Question

• How is ATP related to energy transfer in the
  cell?
• How is ATP generated in the mitochondria and the
  chloroplast.
• How is energy stored and released by ATP?

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Have you ever used a rechargeable battery?
Well, every living thing uses the same molecule
for the short-term storage of energy. It is
called ATP. The function of this molecule can be
compared to a rechargeable battery.
This molecule is called the energy currency of
ALL living things!
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This is a graphic representation of ATP
Notice the three main parts of ATP

• Adenine a nitrogenous base
• Ribose a sugar
• 3. 3 Phosphate molecules

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Cell Energy

• All living organisms must be able to obtain
  energy from the environment in which they live.

• Plants and other green organisms are able to trap
  the light energy in sunlight and store it in the
  bonds of certain molecules for later use.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Cell Energy

• Other organisms cannot use sunlight directly.

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• When bonds are broken energy is released and
  generally, energy is needed to form bonds.
• The fewer phosphates, the less energy these
  molecules have because they have fewer bonds from
  which to release energy.

Adenosine diphosphate (Half-charged battery)
Adenosine monophosphate (dead battery)
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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• The charged phosphate groups act like the
  positive poles of two magnets.

• Bonding three phosphate groups to form adenosine
  triphosphate requires considerable energy.

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Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• When only one phosphate group bonds, a small
  amount of energy is required and the chemical
  bond does not store much energy. This molecule
  is called adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

• When a second phosphate group is added, more
  energy is required to force the two groups
  together. This molecule is called adenosine
  diphosphate, or ADP.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• An even greater amount of energy is required to
  force a third charged phosphate group close
  enough to the other two to form a bond. When
  this bond is broken, energy is released.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
Forming and Breaking Down ATP

• The energy of ATP becomes available to a cell
  when the molecule is broken down.

P
P
P
Adenosine
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P
P
Adenosine
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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

• When ATP is broken down and the energy is
  released, the energy must be captured and used
  efficiently by cells.

• Many proteins have a specific site where ATP can
  bind.

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Section 9.1 Summary pages 221-224
How cells tap into the energy stored in ATP

• When ATP has been broken down to ADP, the ADP is
  released from the binding site in the protein and
  the binding site may then be filled by another
  ATP molecule.

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ATP Synthesis in the Mitochondrion and the
Chloroplast
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Day 2

• Chemiosmosis - http//www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/scie
  nce/Biology12/Metabolic20Processes/chemios.htm
• ATP Production during Aerobic Respiration by
  Oxidative Phosphorylation involving an Electron
  Transport System and Chemiosmosis
• http//student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/
  unit6/metabolism/cellresp/chemioar.html

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Question 1
What is the primary difference in the ways
that plants and animals obtain energy?
Answer
All living organisms need energy. Plants
can trap light energy in sunlight and store it
for later use. Animals cannot trap energy from
sunlight and must eat plants that contain stored
energy.
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Question 2
Why does the formation of ATP require
energy?
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One molecule of ATP contains three
phosphate groups, which are charged particles.
Energy is required to bond the phosphate groups
onto the same molecule because they behave the
same way that the poles of magnets do and repel
groups with like charges. When the ATP molecule
is broken down, the chemical energy stored in it
becomes available to the cell for life processes.
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Section 1 Check
Question 3
A molecule of adenosine that has one
phosphate group bonded to it is.
A. AMP
B. ADP
C. ATP
D. ACP
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The answer is A. AMP is adenosine
monophosphate.
P
P
P
Adenosine
The addition and release of a phosphate group on
adenosine diphosphate creates a cycle of ATP
formation and breakdown.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P
P
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
P
P
Adenosine
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Question 4
What is the function of the protein
molecule shown in this diagram?
ATP
Energy
Protein
P
ADP
ADP
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Section 1 Check
This protein molecule has a specific
binding site for ATP. In order to access the
energy stored ATP, the protein molecule binds the
ATP and uncouples one phosphate group. This
action releases energy that is then available to
the cell.
ATP
Protein
Energy
P
ADP
ADP