The Reformation 1517 CE

1
The Reformation1517 CE
Also called

• Protestant Reformation Counter Reformation

2

• The Reformation is the term used to describe
  the PROTEST against perceived wrong doings by the
  Catholic Church during the early 16th century.
  Main leaders were Martin Luther and John Calvin
• Causes
• 1.  Humanism and the Renaissance brought a spirit
  of questioning and faith in reason
• 2.  Secularism was on the rise during the age of
  the Renaissance placing emphasis on worldly
  concerns over religious
• 3.  Rise of Nation-states and strong monarchies
  often competed against the church for power and
  wealth
• 4.  Many objected to certain church practices and
  saw church officials as abusers of power

3

• 5. Most Protestants believed in ending church
  abuses
• Simony (sale of church offices)
• Nepotism (giving Church positions to relatives)
• The sale of Indulgences (payments that forgave
  sins in order to go to heaven)
• 6. The invention of the printing press helped
  spread the Reformation to other countries, by
  making copies of the Bible more easily available
  to ordinary people.

The following were extremely influential in the
success of the Protestant Reformation ? Martin
Luther (German states) ? John Calvin
(Switzerland) ? King Henry VIII (England) ?
Queen Elizabeth I (England)
4
Martin Luther
German States

• 1.  German Catholic monk who developed his 95
  Thesis or questions for debate and nailed the
  edict to the church doors in Wittenburg
• 2.  Questions included the established church
  practices of selling indulgences or pardons for
  sins
• 3.  Luther had three main ideas
• a.  Promoted the idea that through "faith alone"
  one could reach salvation
• b.  All are equal in faith and therefore all are
  able to interpret the teaching of Christ for
  themselves
• c.  The Bible is the only authority for Church
  teachings, not church officials

5

• 4.  Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther for his
  growing radical ideas and the Holy Roman Emperor
  Charles V put Luther on trial and declared him an
  outlaw and a heretic
• 5.  Martin Luther continued teaching and
  developing his ideas against the declarations of
  Church and State authorities and the popularity
  continued into what became known as Lutheran
  Church

6
John Calvin
Switzerland

• 1.  Developed another protestant branch called
  Calvinism
• 2.  Calvinists had several new ideas 
• a.  Predestination Belief/theory that God has
  already determined who will reach
  salvation from the beginning of time
• b.  Theocracy - combining government power with
  religious leadership (church state rules
  by same one)
• c.  Calvinist communities lived by the
  Protestant Work Ethic ? success and hard
  work show that you are predestined

7
Henry VIII The Anglican Church of England

• 1.  King Henry VIII of England led a protestant
  reform movement more out of his political needs
  rather than a religious conviction
• a.  He needed a  male heir to his throne and
  his 42 year old wife, Catherine of Aragon
  had given him a lone daughter, Mary
• b.  Henry VIII wanted a divorce and marry a
  younger Queen but the Catholic Church did not
  allow divorce and the pope would not grant an
  annulment
• c.  Henry VIII had the Parliament pass the Act
  of Supremacy that ended the power of the
  Catholic Church and the placed the King as
  the religious authority in England not
  the pope
• d.  Henry VIII granted himself the divorce
  and married the younger Anne Boleyn

8
Henrys Heirs

• Third wife, Jane Seymour gave England male heir,
  Edward VI
• 1547, Edward VI took throne, age 9
• Protestantism gained more ground under guidance
  of his guardians
• Edward died young sister, Mary became queen of
  England

9

• 2.  Although Henry VIII's motives were political
  and self-serving in nature, his actions led
  England's future down a path of religious and
  political conflict
• Several of Henry's VIII's heir ruled England
  after his death bringing a time of chaos and
  uncertainty
• One daughter, Mary who was Catholic restored the
  power of the pope and sent to death many English
  protestants earning the nickname "bloody Mary"
• Elizabeth I, a protestant and Henry and Anne
  Boleyn's daughter inherited the throne in 1558
  and eventually restores Protestantism and made
  compromises to help unite England

10
(No Transcript)
11
Key Terms

• Humanism ? cultural and intellectual movement of
  the Renaissance that emphasized secular
  concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study
  of the literature, art, and
  civilization of ancient Greece and Rome
• 95 Thesis ? Martin Luther's questions for debate
  surrounding the practices of the Catholic
  Church symbolizing the beginning of the
  Protestant Reformation
• Protestant Reformation ? 15th and 16th century
  European religious schism of the
  Catholic Church giving origins to new Christian
  religions of Lutheranism, Calvinism and the
  Anglican Church of England
• Renaissance ? "re-birth" of  classics and
  culture  humanistic revival of classical art,
  architecture, literature, and
  learning that originated in Italy in the 14th
  century and later spread throughout
  Europe.

12
The Counter Reformation

• Religious unity in Europe was lost with the
  Protestant Reformation
• European Christians became divided into two
  groups Protestants Catholics
• These religious differences brought about a
  century of wars between them and weakened the
  power of the Catholic Church
• The Church excommunicated Luther and other
  reformers but did little internal reform
• At the Council of Trent (1545-1563) which was a
  special meeting called to restate basic church
  beliefs and to eliminate problems/abuses inside
  the church, the Roman Catholic Church finally
  launched the COUNTERREFORMATION.
• --gt The purpose of the Counter or Catholic
  Reformation was to strengthen the
  Catholic Church and to keep Catholics from
  converting to Protestantism.
• ? The Counter Reformation led by Spain
  cleaned up most abuses which led the
  church to focus more on RELIGIUOS issues and not
  politics. The Jesuits
• led the way with the Inquisition as
  well as through Education
• ? The church also intensified missionary work,
  investigated and persecuted heretics,
  funded military actions (wars) against
  Protestants, and even persecuted Jews.

13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
Practice Regents Questions

• 1. _____ Which action could be considered an
  effect of the Protestant Reformation?
• (1) posting of the Ninety-five Theses(2)
  decline in the power of the Roman Catholic
  Church(3) sale of indulgences(4) end of
  religious warfare
• 2. _____An important effect of the Protestant
  Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened
  the
• (1) power of monarchies(2) power of the
  pope(3) belief in polytheism(4) unity of Europe
• Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses
• Calvin preached the theory of predestination
• Henry VIII signed the Act of Supremacy
• 3. ___These events occurred during the
• (1) Crusades(2) Neolithic Revolution(3)
  Protestant Reformation(4) Glorious Revolution
• 4. ______ A major goal of the Counter-Reformation
  was to
• (1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic
  Church(2) reduce the authority of absolute
  monarchs(3) encourage new ideas in science and
  philosophy throughout Europe(4) compromise with
  European Protestants

16

• Base your answers to questions 5 and 6 on the
  quotation below and on your knowledge of social
  studies.Kings and Princes coin money only out
  of metals, but the Pope coins money out
  ofeverything - indulgences, ceremonies,
  dispensations, pardons all fish come to his
  net.-Martin Luther, 1519
• 5. _____ The ideas presented in this passage led
  directly to the
• (1) Commercial Revolution(2) Spanish
  Inquisition(3) Protestant Reformation(4) French
  Revolution
• 6. _____ In this passage, Martin Luther presents
  his
• (1) objections to practices of the Catholic
  Church(2) plan for economic change in Central
  Europe(3) objections to using only metals as the
  basis for money(4) justification for the
  dethroning of an absolute monarch.
• 7. _ Martin Luther's posting of the Ninety-Five
  Theses is considered by many to be a turning
  point in history because
• (1) the Pope's right to sell indulgences was
  strengthened(2) Luther soon became the leader of
  Germany(3) the power of the Roman Catholic
  Church was lessened and royal power grew(4) the
  Roman Catholic Church unified the German states
• 8. _____ One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and
  Henry VIII were similar is that they all were
• (1) Latin American revolutionary leaders(2)
  Reformation leaders(3) Impressionist
  painters(4) divine right monarchs

17

• 9._____ A major goal of the Counter-Reformation
  was to
• (1) reinstate the power of the Roman Catholic
  Church(2) reduce the authority of absolute
  monarchs(3) encourage new ideas in science and
  philosophy throughout Europe(4) compromise with
  European Protestants
• 10. ______ The Protestant Reformation and the
  European Renaissance were similar in that both
• (1) discouraged the growth of strong
  monarchs.(2) encouraged people to question
  tradition.(3) were led by the military.(4)
  supported the return of the Roman Empire.
• "Christians should be taught that he who gives to
  a poor man or lends to a needy man does better
  than if he used the money to buy an indulgence."
• 11. _____ Which major movement in European
  history started with the idea expressed in this
  statement?
• (1) Commercial Revolution.(2) Industrial
  Revolution.(3) Renaissance.(4) Protestant
  Reformation.
• 12 _____ Which two people would a historian
  include in an article of the Protestant
  Reformation?
• (1) Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci.(2)
  Marco Polo and Vasco da Gama.(3) John Calvin and
  Martin Luther.(4) Louis XIV and Queen Victoria