Ancient Greece

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Ancient Rome TCAP Review Week 3
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Geography Of Ancient Rome
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• Rome is located
• On the Tiber River
• In the country of Italy
• On the continent of Europe

• The Boot of Italy sticks out intothe
  Mediterranean Sea great for trade
• Located right in the middle of the Italian
  Peninsula trade and communication
• Built along the Tiber River 15 miles from sea and
  surrounded by 7 hills

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• Two Mountain Ranges
• The Alps Mountains, Europes highest mountains,
  separated the Italian peninsula from the rest
  of the continent.
• The Apennine Mountains run north to south along
  the length of the Italian peninsula

• Climate - mild, rainy winters and hot, dry
  summers.
• Made it possible for the region to develop a
  strong agricultural base.

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Tiber River

• Aided the growing agricultural system
• provided a reliable source of fresh water used
  for irrigating their farms
• provided drinking water for humans and animals
• unlike many other civilizations, Rome did not
  develop in the rivers delta

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Religion Of Ancient Rome
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• Polytheistic - Adopted Greek gods
• Later Christianity Jesus - Crucified

The Romans were very superstitious. They believed
that good or bad luck was given by the gods if
the gods were happy then you would have good luck
but if they were unhappy then your luck would be
bad. There were many different gods and each of
them looked after different things
Jupiter was the god of the sky and the most
important god.
Mars was the god or war.
Neptune was the god of the sea.
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• The Romans worshipped their gods in a temple.
• They made sacrifices of animals and precious
  items to their gods.
• They believed that when an Emperor died he became
  a god and so a sacrifice was also made to the
  Emperor.

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Roman Christianity
The origins and early spread of Christianity took
place in the Roman Empire. It was based on the
teachings of Jesus Christ. Spread during the PAX
Romana. Despite persecution of the early
Christians, Christianity became the official
religion of the Roman Empire. Emperor
Constantine iscredited with converting the
Roman Empire to Christianity.
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Achievements Of Ancient Rome
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• Romans were the 1st to institute
• innocent until proved guilty when accused of
  crime.
• Evidence needed to be clearer than daylight
• Architecture Arches, domes, and vaults
• Pantheon, Colosseum, Circus
  Maximus
• and Forum
• Technology Roads, Aqueducts, Arches, Domes

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• Literature
• Legend says that Rome was founded by the brothers
  Romulus and Remus, sons of Mars - god of war.
• Virgils Aeneid epic tells the story of the
  founding of Rome. He expresses the values that he
  believed should guide Rome.
• Roman Poet Horace wrote satires and odes.
  Satires poked fun at human weaknesses. Odes
  express strong emotions about life.

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• Calendar Julian calendar Caesar introduced 12
  month calendar and leap year.
• Roman Numerals
• Roman Alphabet
• Science Ptolemy he mapped over 1000 different
  stars.
• Medicine Galen emphasized the importance of
  anatomy.
• Language Latin Romance Languages - Italian,
  French, Spanish, and Romanian

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• Republican model of government (elected senate)
• Civil Law Code (Justinian Code)
• Institution of the Christian Church
• History Tacitus and Livy wrote about Roman
  history
• Law 12 Tables, Innocent until Proven Guilty
• Mosaics patterns or pictures made from small
  pieces of colored glass or stone. Popular in the
  Byzantine Empire.

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Politics Of Ancient Rome
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People involved in the Republic Government

• Plebeians the group of common people or peasants
  in Rome who were calling for changing the
  government where they had more of a say in how
  the city was run.
• Patricians Roman nobles who ran the government.
  Only they could be elected to office, so they
  held all political power.
• Magistrates Elected government officials.
• Consuls The title of the two most powerful
  magistrates.

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Parts of the Roman Republic

• Made up of three parts

• 1. Magistrates
• 2. Senate
• 3. Assembly

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Part 1 Magistrates

• The two highest magistrates were called Consuls
• The most powerful political position in Rome.
• The consuls issued laws and led the army.
• In order to prevent one person from becoming too
  powerful, each consul could veto the decisions of
  the other.
• Additionally, consuls, like the other
  magistrates, only served for one year.

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Part 2 Roman Senate

• was made up of 300 men, who at first were only
  selected from the patrician class
• Senators were elected and held their offices for
  life
• First the Senates only job was to advise the
  consuls, but over time, it gained power.
• eventually becoming the most important part of
  the government and making decisions about laws,
  foreign policy, and finance.

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Part 3 Roman Assembly

• Protected the rights of the plebeians. The
  plebeians had an assembly, or lawmaking body, of
  their own called the Council of the Plebs.
• This assembly could elect ten officials, called
  tribunes.
• The tribunes had the power to veto the actions of
  the consuls or the Senate.
• The veto power meant that this group of tribunes
  had the ability to limit what the Senate and the
  consuls could do, which made them very powerful.

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Representative Government

• leaders are elected by the people to serve in
  government and represent the views of the entire
  society.
• Rome, unlike in Athens, not everyones views were
  represented. However, the idea of elected
  officials serving the interests of the entire
  society was an important innovation in political
  thought.

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Separation of power

• no one person, group, or branch of government has
  all the power.
• This idea was central to the creation of the
  United States government.
• The United States government is separated into
  three branchesthe legislative, executive, and
  judicial brancheseach with their own powers and
  responsibilities.

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• Dictator a person granted absolute power
• Cincinnatus
• Romes most famous dictator
• Left his farm in 460 B.C. and took over the Roman
  army to defeat enemy forces
• Even though he could have kept power, he returned
  to the life of a farmer.
• Widely admired for fulfilling his civic duty

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The Twelve Tables

• Romes first Code of Laws
• All free citizens patrician and plebeian alike
  had the right to be treated equally
• Carved on 12 bronze tablets placed in Romes
  market place, called a Forum.

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Punic Wars

• Rome fought Carthage during the 200s B.C. in
  three different wars called the Punic Wars
  Rome wins!
• These victories greatly expanded their empire and
  gave them important trading cities such as Sicily
  and Carthage
• Romes domination of the Mediterranean Sea has
  begun!!

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• Marius general that believed that he could
  solve Romes economic problems
• Formed an army of professional soldiers
• Sulla opposed Marius, named himself dictator.
• Hoped that his reforms would restore the Roman
  Republic, instead, Rome plunged into conflict

In 60 B.C. Three men ruled the Roman Republic

• Crassus a general and one of Romes wealthiest
  men
• Pompey and Caesar both rich and known for
  their military accomplishments

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First Triumvirate
A political group of three people who share equal
power.
Crassus, Pompey, Caesar
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• Crassus led in Syria
• Pompey led in Spain
• Caesar led in Gaul
• 44 B.C. Caesar took over the Roman Government
  and declared himself dictator
  for life.
• Ides of March March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar
  assassinated by the Senators
• After Caesars death, civil war broke out.

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• Octavian Caesar Augustus -Romes First Emperor

• Pax Romana Roman Peace
• Began under Emperor Augustus
• Rome reached the height of power
• 200 years of Peace and Prosperity
• Expansion and solidification of Roman
  Empire, particularly in the Near East.
• Augustus named an official called proconsul, or
  governor, to oversee each of Rome's provinces

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Second Triumvirate

• Octavian Caesars grandnephew 18 years old
• Mark Antony and Marcus Lepidus two of Caesars
  top generals
• Did not last long Octavian and Antony became
  Rivals
• Battle of Actium Octavian and Antonys navies
  clash off the Greeces coast
• Defeated Antony and Cleopatra (killed themselves)

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Economics Of Ancient Rome
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• Agriculture Farming
• Industry Potters, weavers, and jewelers
• Artisans glass, bronze, and brass. Exported
  throughout the Mediterranean
  region.
• Trade flourished Roman system of money was used
  within the empire.
• Used standard system of weights and measurements

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• Roads allowed Romans to communicate and move
  armies and goods easily.
• Navy eliminated piracy goods could be shipped
  safely
• Traders sold luxury goods to wealthy Romans
• Romans imported raw materials, such as British
  tin and Spanish silver and lead.
• Trade made many people wealthy.

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Social Structure Of Ancient Rome
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• Everyday People
• Plebeians Ordinary working citizens
• Patricians Wealthy land owning families
• Women- Were expected to run the house. Girls had
  very little schooling
• Children Went to school from dawn to dusk.
  School was for the privileged, few attended and
  most could not read or write.
• Gladiator a person who fought people or animals
  for public entertainment. 
• Slaves worked in homes and harvested crops,
  mined ore, helped build roads, bridges, and
  aqueducts. They also s