Chemistry Basics

1
Chemistry Basics
2
3 States of Matter

• Takes up space
• Gas
• Liquid
• Solid

• Molecular motion
• Fast
• Medium
• None

3
What matter(s) is?

• Made up of atom building blocks
• Atom particles
• Protons
• Mass
• Neutrons
• Mass
• Electrons
• No mass

• Both P and N give physical properties
• give atom chemical properties

4
Atom Particle Charges

• Protons
• Positive ()
• Neutrons
• Neutral (0) no charge
• neutralize protons
• Electrons
• Negative (-)

5
Atom Design (Location of Parts)

• Nucleus
• In middle of atom
• contains protons and neutrons inside atom

• Electron Shells
• These clouds/ energy levels contain electrons in
  orbit around the outside of the nucleus
• Space is limited
• Only 2 electrons fit in first shell due to having
  same charge

6
Water/H2O
Atom vs Atom model/diagram
Compare and contrast the two sides
7
Periodic Table What is it?

• A table of elements organized according to
  physical and chemical properties
• Atoms combine to form elements

8
Decoding Elements on the Table

• Interpreting the Periodic Table
• Atomic number protons
• Atomic mass protons neutrons
• Atomic mass - protons neutrons
• electrons protons (in an atom with no
  charge)
• Charge is determined by the relative number of
  protons and electrons
• Neutral? Positive? Negative?

9
What will happen? Why?
The sodium on left will lose electron (and become
positively charged)shell because it is held
loosely in a near empty shell. The chlorine atom
will gain the electron lost by sodium (because
nearly full shells have more pull) becoming
negatively charged and the compound sodium
chloride (NaCl) will form table salt
10
Practice Problems Give the atomic number, atomic
mass, and find the number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons

• 11
• Na
• 23

• 17
• Cl
• 35

I
53
127
A.N.17, A.M.35 P17, e17, N18
A.N.53, A.M.127 P53, e53, N74
A.N.11, A.M.23 P11, e11, N12
11
What is the atomic number of this element? How do
you know? What is its mass? Name the element.
3 3 protons 7, Lithium
12
Atoms to Molecules

• Atoms
• ?
• elements
• ?
• molecules/compounds ? ?
• held together by bonds

• ? (, o, e-)
• combine to form
• ? H, O, K, Na, Cl
• combine to form
• ? (e.g. H2O/NaCl)
• (water/salt)

13
Molecule vs Compound

• The smallest part of a compound that has
  properties of that compound

• The combination of two or more elements

14
Counting Elements and Atoms in Formulas and
Equations

• Na
• O2
• H2O
• C6H12O6
• 3KCl
• Ca(NO3)2
• 2Ca(NO3)2

• Na 1
• O 2
• H 2, O 1, 3 total
• C6, H12, O6
• K 3, Cl 3 total 6
• Ca1, N2 O6
• Ca2, N4, O12

15
Quick Discussion

• (HONC rule)

• Using the same technique as on the previous two
  slides and the image to the right, determine the
  number of available electron sites on the outer
  shell of each of the following elements H, O, N,
  C
• H1, O2, N3, C4

16
Rules of Ions

• An ion is a charged particle
• Only electrons move to create ions, not protons
  (Why do you think this is true?)
• negative and positive ions attract
• If an atom loses electrons it takes on a positive
  charge
• If an atom gains electrons it takes on a negative
  charge
• If charges become balanced, ions become neutral

17
Ionic Bond Animations
18
Covalent Bond Animations
19
Ionic Bond Hydrogen Bond
Covalent Bond
SKETCH BOTH
20
Hydrogen (Covalent) Bond Animations
21
Types of Bonds

• Ionic
• Give or receive electrons
• Form weak bonds
• Opposite charges attract (NaCl)
• (sodium () gives an electron to chlorine (-)
• to form NaCl)

• Covalent
• Share electrons (CH4 (methane) , proteins)
• Strong bond

• Hydrogen (H2O)

• Shared electrons are more attracted to oxygen
• Very weak bond (in water)
• gives water molecule a and end
• Causes water to attract water

22
Plug the following terms into the table weak
strong, ionic, share electrons, hydrogen, very
weak, lets water attract water, give or receive
electrons, covalent (one answer is used more than
once)
Types of Bonds Bond Strength Bond Mechanism (how?) Other



Give or receive electrons Share electrons Share
electrons (electrons more attracted to oxygen)
Ionic Covalent Hydrogen
Weak Strong Very weak
Lets water attract water
23
Reactants and Products

• Chemicals REACT(ant) to make a PRODUCT
• e.g. Na Cl ? NaCl (table salt)
• OR
• Molecules have split REACT(ions) and PRODUCE
  elements
• e.g. 2 H2O ? 2H2 O2

24
Chemical Equation Components

• Are like sentences because they state what
  happens during a chemical reaction
• Reactants are used to make a Product
• Reactants are combined (in other reactions,
  products are split)
• Equations must balance
• Cannot balance by breaking atoms/molecules/compoun
  ds apart by adding subscripts
• Cannot balance by breaking atoms/molecules/compoun
  ds apart by taking away subscripts
• CAN balance atoms/molecules/compounds by adding a
  coefficient in front

25
H2 Cl2 ? HCl
2

• Before balancing equation
• After balancing equation

• Reactants
• hydrogen ___________
• chlorine ____________
• Products
• hydrogen ____________
• chlorine _____________
• Reactants
• hydrogen ___________
• chlorine ____________
• Products
• hydrogen ____________
• chlorine _____________

2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
26
H2 O2 ? H2O
2
2

• Before balancing equation
• After balancing equation

• Reactants
• hydrogen ___________
• oxygen ____________
• Products
• hydrogen ____________
• oxygen _____________
• Reactants
• hydrogen ___________
• oxygen ____________
• Products
• hydrogen ____________
• oxygen ____________

2
2
2
1
4
2
4
2
27
Chemical Reactions in Body

• reactants start a reaction elements react to
  break down into parts or form to make a product
• Your body breaks chemical bonds in food to get
  energy
• product the combo of elements the end result of
  a reaction
• When one or more substances is changed into a new
  substance by the breaking or forming of bonds

28
Enzymes and Catalysts

• Speed up lifes essential functions without
  increasing body temperature
• Work like a key
• Certain enzymes (most are proteins) only work
  with certain substrates (chemical bonds) at
  active sites (places where bonds are broken)

• Substances that reduce activation energy needed
  for chemical reactions (Rx) to occur without
  being used up
• Different Rx take place at different rates

29
Picture Interpretation(Observe for a moment.
Does anyone have a clue?

• Which enzyme will go where?
• Why wont the other enzyme attach to the other
  substrate?
• Where is the active site?
• How do you know?
• What happens there?

30
Energy and Food

• Energy is
• absorbed/needed/used
• to break food into useable chemicals
• to combine chemicals to be delivered to the body
• released
• from food chemicals that are broken down and
  delivered to the body

31
Goldfish Colors Journal EntryList one
observation for each of your 5 senses summarize
the reaction below.

• A Goldfish cracker breaks down and dissolves
• ?
• Chew cracker ? mixes with enzymes in saliva
  
• ?
  ?
• Breaks physical bonds break sugar and starch
  bonds
• heat also breaks bonds
• e.g. (melting ice), toasting bread
• converts some of starches to sugar and tastes
  sweeter, might taste saltier because moisture
  dries up and might leave salt behind

32
Chemical Reactions in Life Processes

• Metabolism and energy
• (fuel for life functions)
• Growth and repair
• Homeostasis and control
• (keeping in balance)
• Communication and response
• (talking without words) neurotransmitters,
  pheromones
• Reproduction

33
Organic Chemicals in Organisms

• 4 common to living things
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

34
Carbohydrates (quick energy)

• Sugars
• Starches

• Body stores both of these as energy
• Carb. bonds are broken to fuel life activities
• Starch bonds are more complex
• Bonds take longer to break
• Provide more sustained (slower released energy)

35
Types of sugars and examples

• Monosaccharide
• Disaccharide
• Polysaccharide

• One molecule simple sugar glucose, fructose
• Fruit, honey
• Double sugar molecule (sucrose (table sugar))
• Many sugar molecule (starch)

36
Starches

• Come from plant sugars
• Most plants store energy as a form of starch

37
Cellulose

• make structural carbohydrates
• combined simple sugars
• one of most abundant biological molecules on
  earth
• desks, pencils, paper, and plant material

38
Fiber

• Is in the same family as cellulose
• Helps absorb or bond materials during digestion
• Can act as roughage
• One gram of fiber in essence negates one gram of
  carbs
• Eat, Eat, Eat

39
Carbohydrates Summary

• store energy
• gives organisms shape
• (especially plants)- cellulose
• assist in digestion

40
Lipids

• long-term energy storage
• Energy from unused carbohydrates is converted to
  glycogen and then to lipids (a.k.a. fat)
• Some fats help utilize fat soluble vitamins (e.g.
  oils)

41
Example Lipid

• Fat/Oil

• Chain molecule
• Long-term energy storage
• Insulation

42
Types of Fat

• Saturated
• Have no double carbon-carbon bonds in fat chain
  and all hydrogen is bonded
• Solid at room temperature (harder to break down),
  flatter (pack together)
• Not as soluble (harder to dissolve)

• Unsaturated
• One or more double carbon-carbon bond in fat
  chain and have hydrogen bond/s available
• Liquid at room temperature
• More soluble

43
Types of Unsaturated Fats/(Oils)

• Monounsaturated
• One double carbon bond

• Polyunsaturated
• More than one double carbon bond

44
Other Lipids

• Phospholipids
• Steroids
• Waxes

• Protective membranes in cells
• Helps control what enters and leaves cell
• provide structural and control functions in body
• (e.g. cholesterol- a component of the membrane
  that surrounds cells)
• too much cholesterol is bad
• Repel water (keep water out)
• Ducks and other water fowl
• Keep water in
• Plants (waxy coating)

45
Proteins

• Consist of amino acids
• The building blocks of proteins
• Make up ½ the dry weight of your body
• Important for proper body functions

46
Protein Functions and Components

• Movement
• Structure
• Regulation

• Muscles
• Collagen is used to make bones, ligaments,
  tendons and cartilage
• Enzymes control chemical reactions

47
Protein Functions and Components

• Transport
• Nutrition
• Defense

• Hemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen in
  blood
• The protein casein is stored in milk for newborn
  babies
• Antibodies that help fight viruses and bacterial
  infections

48
Calories by Organic Compounds

• Calories units of heat
• Fat 9 calories per gram
• Carbohydrates 4 calories per gram
• Protein 4 calories per gram
• Fiber -4 calories per gram

49
Goldfish Colors Nutritional Label
(double journal entry)

• What is the serving size?
• How many calories per serving?
• Calculate the calories from fat in each serving.
• Total carbs provides how many calories?
• How many calories are from protein?
• How many total calories in 3-5?
• What happens if you add back in the calories
  removed by dietary fiber?
• How many servings per box?
• Calculate the calories in the box?
• Look at the fat content, again. Discuss whether
  most of it is good or bad.
• Does this contain much sugar? Then, what provides
  the carb calories?

50
Nucleic Acids

• Large complex molecules that contain heredity or
  genetic information

51
2 types of nucleic acids

• DNA
• RNA

• Carries instructions that control cell activity
• A blueprint
• Uses instructions from DNA to make proteins
• A builder

52
Nucleic Acids Summary

• DNA?RNA?PROTEINS
• ? ?
• (AMINO ACIDS)

53
Mixtures, Solutions and Water

• A mixture is a combination of two or more
  substances that can be separated by ordinary
  means (by hand)
• Solution a uniform mixture of 2 or more
  substances
• Often in water
• Not separated by ordinary means

54
Parts of a solution

• Solute
• What gets dissolved- it is soluble

• Solvent
• What does the dissolving in a solution

55
Solution Example coffee and sugar solute or
solvent?
56
Water Properties

• Most living things depend on water for survival
  (even seeds need it to germinate)
• Known as the universal solvent
• Forms solutions by readily dissolving substances
  due to its
• Water (H2O) is polar. It has a hydrogen end
  and a - oxygen end

charged ends
57
An anomaly

• Why does ice float in water if it is made of
  water?
• It is less dense than water (it expands 9 when
  it freezes) water has a buoyancy effect
• Buoyancy the upward force that keeps things
  afloat
• The force is equal to weight of water it moves
  out of the way

58
Cohesion Adhesion
(water glass demo)
(capillary action demo)

• (recall water is polar) hydrogen bonding causes
  oppositely-charged water molecules to stick
  together surface tension (see p. 50)

• The sticking together between two different
  substances

59
Journal Entry Sticky Pennies

• Compete with a partner to see who can place more
  drops of water from a dropper onto a penny
  without it spilling off the edge. Dry off the
  penny after Partner 1 goes. Then, person two
  takes a turn. Record your data.
• After the second person goes, place the edge of a
  paper towel on the edge of the water on the
  penny.
• Summary Questions
• 1. Why did water form a tight bubble?
• 2. What force helped the paper towel soak up the
  water?
• 3. Why does water climb the paper towel?

60
Acids and Bases

• When a compound breaks apart and releases
  hydrogen ions (H) in water
• HCl acid in digestive juices, orange juice,
  vinegar

• When a compound breaks apart and releases
  hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
• soap, egg whites, Tums

61
Acid Base

• you can neutralize an acid with a base and a
  base with an acid
• clean up an acid with a base
• clean up a base with an acid
• When you mix an acid and a base together a salt
  forms
• Acid Base Salt

62
pH potential HydrogenpH Scale
63
Acid Rain

• Burning fossil fuels (coal, gas, oil) releases
  
• ?
• sulfur and nitrogen
• ?
• react with raindrops
• ?
• form acid rain (pH lt 5.6)