Biochemistry

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Biochemistry
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The Atom

• Smallest unit of an ____________
• Three particles
• Protons (___ charge)
• Neutrons (__ charge)
• Electrons (__ charge)
• _________ contains protons and neutrons

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Elements

• Pure substance consisting of only one type of
  ___________
• Listed in the _______________
• Atoms of each element differ by the of
  ___________

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Isotopes

• Atoms of an element with different number of
  __________
• Atomic is the _____ mass is _________
• Most have same chemical properties

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Radioactive Isotopes

• Uses of radioactive isotopes
• Dating of rocks and fossils
• Treating cancer
• Killing bacteria on food
• Trace movements of substances within the body

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Chemical Compounds

• Substance of two or more ________ in definite
  proportions
• __________ chemical properties than the original
  elements
• Compound composition given in chemical formula
• Examples ______________

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Chemical Reactions

• Breaking and forming ________________
• _______- original elements or compounds
• _______- ending elements or compounds

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Monomer vs Polymer

• ___________- basic repeating building block
• _________- two monomers connected together
• _________- many monomers connected together

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Dehydration Synthesis

• Building larger molecules from smaller ones
  (requires energy)
• Monomer ? Polymer

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Hydrolysis

• Break down large molecules into smaller ones
  (releases energy)
• Polymer ? Monomer

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Carbon Compounds
Condensation/Synthesis
Hydrolysis
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What is So Special About Carbon?

• Carbon can bond with ______ other atoms
• Creates a great variety of different compounds
• Can for complex molecules including
  __________________________

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Carbohydrates

• Made of C, H, and O in a _________ ratio
• Monomers
• Monosaccharide
• Examples _______________________
• Dimers
• Disaccharides
• Examples _______________________
• Polymers
• Polysaccharides
• Examples _________________________

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Carbohydrates (cont)
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Carbohydrates (cont)
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Carbohydrates (cont)
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Carbohydrates (cont)
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Uses for Carbohydrates

• Provide ________ for body functions
• Used to build nucleic acids
• Other ____________ functions

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Tests for Carbohydrates

• Benedicts Test for ________ sugars
• Iodine Test for __________ Sugars

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Lipids

• Made of C, H, and O (phospholipids have P)
• Triglyceride
• 1 Glycerol, 3 Fatty Acid Chains
• Examples _______________________
• Phospholipid
• 1 Glycerol, 2 Fatty Acid Chains
• Example __________________________
• Steroid
• 4 Carbon ring structure
• Example ____________________________

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Lipids (cont)
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Lipids (cont)
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Lipids (cont)
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Lipids (cont)
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Lipids (cont)
Cholesterol
Progesterone
Testosterone
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Uses for Lipids

• ___________ source
• Padding and insulation
• Structural
• _______________

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Tests for Lipids

• Sudan IV Test
• Newspaper Test

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Nucleic Acid

• Made of C, H, O, N and P
• Monomer- ___________
• DNA
• Sugar- Deoxyribose
• Nitrogen Bases- _________
• RNA
• Sugar- Ribose
• Nitrogen Bases- __________

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DNA NUCLEOTIDE
Deoxyribose
Phosphate
Pyrimidines
Purines
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
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DNA STRUCTURE
A T G C
A
T
C
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Nucleic Acid (cont)
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(No Transcript)
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RNA NUCLEOTIDE
Ribose
Phosphate
Pyrimidines
Purines
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
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RNA STRUCTURE

• Single-stranded

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Uses for Nucleic Acids

• Genetic code

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ATP Structure
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ADP
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AMP
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Rechargeable Battery
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Protein

• Made of C, H, O, S, and N
• Monomer
• ___________(20 found in body)
• Polymer
• ______________
• Amino Acids are held together by peptide bond

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Amino Acid Structure
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Amino Acid Structure
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Polypeptide
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Uses for Proteins

• Structural
• ______________
• Transport
• _______________

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Test for Protein
Biuret Test
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Energy of Reactions

• Reaction Types
• Energy _____________
• Rxn is spontaneous (does not mean fast)
• Activation energy- energy needed to get the rxn
  started
• At end of the rxn, energy released into
  environment
• Energy _____________
• Rxn is not spontaneous
• _____________ energy- energy needed to get the
  rxn started
• At end of the rxn, energy absorbed from
  environment

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Reaction Diagrams
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Enzymes

• __________ for rxn (speeds it up)
• ___________ (reactant) enters active site of
  enzyme to form enzyme-substrate complex after
  rxn product leaves
• Enzyme is unchanged

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Action of Enzymes

• Speeds up rxn by _________________________________

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Enzyme Reaction Rates

• Rates can be affected by
• ________________
• ____________
• ____________________

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Dissociation of Water
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pH Scale

• Scale measuring amount of ______(really H3O)
• Ranges from _______
• Below 7- _______
• Higher H
• Above 7- _______
• Higher OH-
• 7- ________
• Equal numbers of both