Contrastive Analysis of English

1
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese
2
Teaching Plan

• Teaching Contents
• 1. An introduction to Chinese language from the
  views of language family, Language types, Writing
  system, Phonetics, Vocabulary, Word order,
  Function words, Sentence structure, Style, etc.
• 2. An introduction to English language from the
  views of language family, Language types, Writing
  system, Phonetics, Vocabulary, Word order,
  Function words, Sentence structure, Style, etc.
• 3. Comparison and Contrast of C-E languages

3
Teaching Plan

• Teaching Aims
• To make students get the general idea about
  Chinese and English languages and their
  similarities and differences
• Teaching Focus
• The similarities of C-E languages
• The differences between C-E languages
• Teaching Methods
• teacher-oriented lecturing
• Discussion (group work, then class work)
• Teaching Approaches
• Multi-media aided.
• Teaching Procedures

4
1 Introduction of language families

• English ---- the Germanic branch of the
  Indo-European(???? ) language family
• Chinese ---- the Sino-Tibetan(????) language
  family

5
1.2 Language types

• Synthetic language vs. Analytic language
• A synthetic language is characterized by frequent
  and systematic use of inflected forms to express
  grammatical relationships. e.g. German, Old
  English.
• An analytic language is characterized by a
  relatively frequent use of function words,
  auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to
  express syntactic relations, rather than of
  inflected forms. e.g. Chinese.

6
1.3 Writing system

• Chinese
• ????
• (ideographic)
• ?????
• (ideo-phonographic)
• 1)??????
• ??(pictograph)
• ??(indicative character)
• ??(associative character)
• 2)????? ???
• ???,?????????????90?

7
1.3 Writing system

• English
• ????(alphabetic)
• ?26????????
• ????

8
1.4 Phonetics

• Chinese is tone language. (????)
• English is intonation language. (????)

9
1.5 Vocabulary

• I. Sematic contrast
• ?. ??????
• 1. ?? ????
• ?? ????
• 2. ?????????
• ????????
• ????????
• 3. ??????????
• ?? (????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????)
• ????????????

10
1.5 Vocabulary

• II. Grammatical contrast of vocabulary
• Similarities
• 1.????????,???????
• 2.???????????????????????????
• ????(?????????????????????)
• ??(???????????)
• ????(Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral,
  Pronoun)
• ??(Preposition, Conjunction, Article,
  Interjection)

11
1.5 Vocabulary

• II. Grammatical contrast of vocabulary
• Differences
• 1. ???????
• ??????, ??????
• 2. ??????
• ?? ????, ???
• ????, ???
• ?? ????, 30???
• ????, ????
• (????????????
• ????)
• ?? ?????

12
????????

• ???????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????
• ??????????????

13
1.6 Word order

• English ---- SV structure
• Chinese ---- inner logic and semantic relations
• Sentence Examples
• 1) These are the best dictionaries about English
  idioms which we have in the library.
• 2) This morning I came back by train from Beijing
  where I had visited some of my former classmates
  after I had finished my task there.
• 3) We had been dismayed at home while reading of
  the natural calamities that followed one another
  for three years after we left China in 1959.
• 4) Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact
  that had already been suspected there is a "high
  temperature belt" in the atmosphere, with its
  center roughly thirty miles above the ground.

14

• 5)????????????????????????????,????????????
• 6) ?????????????
• 7) ????,??????????
• 8) ??????????????????
• 9) ????????????,?????

15
1.7 Function words

• Function words are articles, prepositions,
  auxiliaries, coordinators, subordinators and so
  on.
• 1) a fish / a hill / a well / a book / a marriage
  / a limited view / a good intention
• 2) He has an eye for beauty / an ear for music.
• 3) Johnson is the man for the job. / This is the
  drink for hot weather.
• 4) To the Chinese, theirs was not a civilization,
  but the civilization. (??????????????????,????????
  )
• 5) This was the period when Einstein began the
  research which resulted in the creation of his
  famous Theory of Relativity.
• 6) ?????????????
• 7) ?????????
• 8) ??????,???????
• 9) ?????,????????
• 10) ???????????,???????,????????

16
1.7 Function words

• ???????????
• ?????????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????, ????????????????
• ??????????, ?????????

17
??????????? ????????

• 1.?????????
• ?????????????,??????????????????
• ????????????,???????????????,???????
• ?? ????????, ????
• ????? ????
• ?? ???

18

• 2. ????????(??)
• ???????????????, ?????????????????????,
  ???????????????????????
• ???????????, ??????????????, ??????????,????.
• ?????????, ???????????????????.

19
???????, ???? ????????

• You can happy your friends, malice or foot your
  enemy, or fall an axe on his neck.
• --- Shakespeare

20

• Who chaired the meeting?
• It can seat 1000 people.
• We should shoulder these responsibilities.
• I hope we can room together.
• They breakfasted at the guesthouse.

21
??? ??????

• ????????
• (covertness)
• ????????
• (overtness)

22
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese (II)

• I. Hypotaxis vs. Parataxis
• Hypotactic the dependent or subordinate
  construction or relationship of clauses with
  connectives
• Paratactic the arranging of clauses one after
  the other without connectives showing the
  relation between them
• English ---- a grape-cluster structure (All
  clauses grow from the main stem ----the SV
  structure) architecture style overt cohesion
• Chinese ---- a bamboo-shaped structure (The
  Chinese sentence can develop in depth along with
  the flow of thought or the necessity of narration
  without worrying about the bounding of subject)
  chronicle style (streamline the thoughts) /
  linear expansion covert coherence

23
Examples

• 1) Fred takes it home with him and returned it a
  few days later beautifully bound.
• 2) He was puzzled that I did not want what was
  obviously a step toward what
• all Americans are taught to want when they grow
  up money and power.
• 3) The isolation of the rural world because of
  distance and the lack of transport
• facilities is compounded by the paucity of the
  information media.
• 4) Coming out while you were poised unsteadily on
  the icy, springy brush they
• made difficult shooting and I killed two, missed
  five, and started back pleased
• to have found a covey close to the house and
  happy there were so many left to
• find on another day.
• 5) With the third party acting as an
  intermediary, to take the interest of the whole
• into account we strongly demanded with frankness
  and sincerity many times at
• the end of the autumn of the same year that you
  should compensate all of our
• losses.
• 6) Before my graduation from Columbia, the family
  met with severe financial
• reverses and I felt it my duty to leave college
  and take a job. Thus was I
• launched upon a business career ---- which I
  always think of as the wasted
• years.

24
Examples

• 7) ???????,????????????
• 8) ?????,??????
• 9) ?????,????,????,???????
• 10) ????????????????????????

25

• 11) ???,?????????????,????????????????????
• ? In recent years the national economies of
  China and Thailand have quickly developed,
  providing a good foundation for economic and
  trade cooperation between the two countries.
• ? Recent years have witnessed the rapid
  development of the national economies in China
  and Thailand, which has prepared for good
  economic and trade cooperation between the two
  countries.
• ? China and Thailand, with the rapid development
  of their national economies in recent years, have
  laid a good foundation for their economic and
  trade cooperation.
• ? The rapid development of the national economies
  of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a
  sound foundation for economic and trade
  cooperation between the two countries.)

26

• 12) ?????????????????????????,??????????????,?????
  ??????,??????,??????,???????
• The Chinese government will unswervingly pursue
  its independent foreign policy of peace by
  establishing and developing friendly relations
  with other countries and opposing hegemonism and
  power policies so as to safeguard world peace and
  promote social development and the progress of
  mankind.

27
II. Compactness vs. Diffusiveness

• English ---- SV structure SV-concord
  (Subject-Predicate)grammatical concord notional
  concord principle of proximity formal cohesion
• Chinese ---- TC structure (Topic-Comment)
  semantic coherence. e.g.
• ?????????????????????????????????????
• 1) The strong walls of the castle served as a
  good defense against the attackers.
• 2) That dirty old house is an offence to everyone
  who lives in the street.
• 3) My shock and embarrassment at finding mother
  in tears on Wednesday was a perfect index of how
  little I understood the pressures on her.
• 4) Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many
  times the size of the computer of which it forms
  a part, thus creating a new generation of
  portable minicomputer.
• 5) In the midst of the party comes unexpectedly
  over the radio the announcement of the President
  of the United States declaring a state of
  emergency for suspected enemy missiles
  approaching.

28
II. Compactness vs. Diffusiveness

• 6) ????????/ ??????????
• 7) ???????????/ ?????????
• 8) ????????,?????????
• 9) ?????,?????,???????,?????????
• 10) ???????????,????????,?????????

29
Suggested Reading

• 1. ??? ???????? p.67-80
• 2. ??? ???????? p.33-53

30
Exercise

• ???,?????????????,???,???????,???????,???????????
  ?,????,??????,????
• ??,????,?????????????,??????????

31

• ???? (parataxis) ???????
• ????,????????????????????
• ???? (hypotaxis) ???????
• ????(????????,??????)???????(????)?
  ? (??????)???????
• ---????????

32

• ????,?????????,??????,??????,?????,??????????
• Only my aunt, because the maids taken on
  afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy, or
  both, none of them satisfied her, still spoke of
  Xianglins Wife.
• My aunt was the only one who still spoke of
  Xianglins Wife. This was because most of the
  maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy
  or greedy, or both, none of them giving
  satisfaction. (????????)

33

• ???????????,?????,?????,???????????,????????????,?
  ???????????????
• (????????)

34

• ?I have come across a great many young friends,
  ?bright and diligent, ?do exceedingly well in
  studies, ?but they are rather weak in Chinese,
  ?even cant write a smooth Chinese letter. ?When
  asked why, theyll say they are not interested in
  Chinese.

35

• I have come across a great many bright and
  diligent young friends who have done exceedingly
  well in their studies, but are rather weak in
  Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in
  correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said
  they were not interested in the Chinese language.

36

• The isolation of the rural world, because of
  distance and the lack of transport facilities, is
  compounded by the paucity of the information
  media.
• ?????,???????,??????????,?????,????????????
  ?????
• Because there is a great distance and there
  are not enough transport facilities, the rural
  world is isolated. This isolation has become more
  serious because there are not enough information
  media.

37

• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no
  satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for
  country life and love of natural scenery are
  strongest and most widely diffused precisely in
  those European countries which have the worst
  climate and where the search for the picturesque
  involves the greatest discomfort.
• AIdous Huxley The Country

38

• Basic sentence structure of modern English
• 1) SV(?-?)
• 2) SVO(?-?-?)
• 3) SVC(?-?-??)
• 4) SVA(?-?-?)
• 5 SVOD(?-?-??-??)
• 6) SVOC (?-?-?-??)
• 7) SVOA(?-?-?-?)

39

• ?????????????????????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????,??????????????,?????????????????
  ?

40
4. ????????

• ??
• ??????? (topic-prominent language),
  ????-??(topic-comment)???
• ?? ---????
• ??????????? (thought-pivot)?

41
??

• ??????? (subject-prominent language),
  ???????-??(subject-predicate) ???
• ?? --- ????
• ?????????(???)??(form-pivot)?

42
???????

• ???????????
• ??1
• This you dont need to worry.
• ??2
• You dont need to worry about this.

43

• 3. This is not something you need to worry about.
  
• 4. It is unnecessary for you to worry about this.
• 5. There is no need to worry about this.

44
???????

• My head aches badly.
• My head is killing me.
• I have a terrible headache.
• I have a splitting headache.
• I have a migraine.

45
???????????????????????

• Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot
  compare with that of many other countries in the
  world.
• In its amount of agricultural land per capita,
  China compares unfavorably with many other
  countries.
• China compares unfavorably with many other
  countries in terms of per capita agricultural
  land.

46
????????

• A lazy person will never succeed.
• Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.
• Laziness makes success impossible.

47
??????????????????

• The mother is very proud to have an intelligent
  and pretty daughter.
• The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes
  her mother very proud.

48
5. ????????

• ??
• ??? ? ???
• ???????????,????,??????????
• ??? ??
• (left-branching)
• ????????????
• ???(????)

49
??

• ????? ?????
• ?????????, ????, ???, ?????, ????????.
• ??? ??
• (right-branching )
• ????????????,??????????
• ???????

50
??????

• ???????
• ???? (open-beginning)
• ????(close-ending)
• ???????
• ???? (close-beginning)
• ???? (open-ending)

51

• ?????(???)
• 
  ??
  
  
• 
  ???
• 
  ????
• 
  ???????
• ????????????
• ??????????????
• ?????????????????
• ???????????????????

52

• ?????(???)
• He is reading.
• He is reading a book.
• He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.
• He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
• the reading-room.
• He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
• the reading-room on the second floor of our
• library.
• He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in
• the reading-room on the second floor of our
• library which has just opened.

53
???????

• ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????

54
1)?????

• We work ourselves into ecstasy over the two
  superpowers treaty limiting the number of
  anti-ballistic missile systems that they may
  retain and their agreement on limitations on
  strategic offensive weapons.
• ???????????????????????????????????????
  ??????,??,?????????

55

• ???????,???????????
• Tragedies can be written in literature
  since there is tragedy in life.
• ??????,???????,???????????
• Desertions and defections are rife among
  the puppet troops as a result of low morale, and
  the puppet regime is torn by internal strife.

56
2)?????

• The solution to the problem of Southern Africa
  cannot remain forever hostage to the political
  maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa nor
  to its transparent proposals aimed at
  procrastination and the postponement of the
  solution.
• ?????????????????????,?????????????????,??????
  ???????????

57

• ???????,??????????,???????????,???,???????????????
  ???
• A tremendous achievement of the May 4th
  Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness
  of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call
  to the people to rise against them.

58
3)?????

• ??????????,??????,?????????,?????????????
• The people of a small country can
  certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if
  only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take
  up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny
  of their own country.

59

• ????????
• ???? (He was repeatedly defeated though he
  fought over and over again.)
• ????( He fought over and over again though
  he was repeatedly defeated.)

60
Contrastive Analysis of English Chinese (III)
61
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style

• Formal written language often goes with an
  impersonal style i.e. one in which the speaker
  does not refer directly to himself or his
  readers, but avoids the pronouns I, you, we. Some
  of the common features of impersonal language are
  passive, sentences beginning with introductory
  it, and abstract nouns.
• 1. Inanimate Subject Animate Verb
• 1) From the moment we stepped into the Peoples
  Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded
  us on every side.
• 2) Excitement deprived me of all power of
  utterance.
• 3) The thick carpet killed the sound of my
  footsteps.
• 4) Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
• 5) Friday started with a morning visit to the
  modern campus of the 22,000-student University of
  Michigan in nearby Ann Arbor, where the Chinese
  table tennis team joined students in the
  cafeteria line for lunch and later played an
  exhibition match.

62
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style

• 6) ???????,???????????
• 7) ???????????
• 8) ????????,?????
• 9) ???????????????
• 10) ???????????????

63
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style

• 2. Impersonal Passive
• 1) Not only politeness but an attitude of
  reverence is demanded in church.
• 2) My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble
  about the surrounding country.
• 3) It has been noted with concern that the stock
  of books in the library has been declining
  alarmingly. Students are asked to remind
  themselves of the rules for the borrowing and
  return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of
  other students. Penalties for overdue books will
  in the future be strictly enforced.
• 4) A current search of the files indicates that
  the letter is no longer in this Bureaus
  possession. It is noted that the letter was
  received two months ago, and after study,
  returned to your office. In view of the
  foregoing, it is regretted that your office has
  no record of its receipt. If the letter is found,
  it would be appreciated if this Bureau was
  notified at once.

64
I. Impersonal Style vs. Personal Style

• 3. Subject-omitted Sentences / Passives with No
  Grammatical Marks
• 1) ?????,??????
• 2) ?????,??????
• 3) ?????????,???????
• 4) ???????????,????????????????
• 5) ????????,????????????????????????????

65
II. Abstraction vs. Concretization

• English ---- the tendency of nominalization (the
  excessive use of abstract nouns)
• Chinese ---- high concretization in its notions
  and imagery
• 1) The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.
• 2) I marveled at the relentless determination of
  the rain.
• 3) He had surfaced with less visibility in the
  policy decisions.
• 4) The growing awareness by millions of people of
  their intolerable conditions of
• life had prompted them to revote.
• 5) The lack of figures may prove to be an
  obstacle to the efficiency of the whole
• of the proposed statistical content of the
  exercise.
• 6) No year passes now without evidence of the
  truth of the statement that the
• work of government is becoming increasingly
  difficult.

66
II. Abstraction vs. Concretization

• 7) ????????,??????,?????
• 8) ??????????????,???????
• 9) ???????????????????
• 10) ?????,??????????
• 11) ???????????????,????,????????
• 12) ????????,??????????????,????????????

67
Suggested Reading

• 1. ??? ???????? p.67-80
• 2. ??? ???????? p.33-53

68

• ??? ????????

69
1. ???????

• 1) ?????????
• ?????(native words)
• ???(loan words)
• ?????(synonymous idioms)
• 
  
• 
  

70

• ?????????
• ???????????
• ???????????
• ?????????????
• ???????????

71
?????

• ????
• ????
• ????(???????)
• ????(???)
• ?????
• ????

72

• Brave (Italian) ????
• Bold (old English)??,????
• ??
• Courageous (French)???????
• Valiant (Latin)(?literary) ???
• (very brave, especially in a
• difficult situation)
• Valorous (Latin) (?literary)?????????(full
  of valor---
• great courage, especially in
  
• war)

73

• postpone --- put off
• tolerate --- put up with
• extinguish --- put out
• raise --- put up

74

• Words are seldom exactly synonymous.
• ---Samuel
  Johnson
• English is among the easiest languages to speak
  badly, but the most difficult to use well.
• ---C.L.
  Wren
• British
  Linguist

75
2)???????????

• No context, no text.
• ????????????
• e.g.
• There are students and students.
  

76
2. ???????

• ????
• ????????
• ?? ???????????????
• ?? ?????
• ?? ???????????????
• ???????????????
• ??????????

77
????

• ??????(simple sentence)
• ??? (compound sentence)
• ??? (complex sentence)
• ????????
• ??? ??? (loose sentence)
• ??? (balanced sentence)
• ??? (periodic sentence)
• ???
• ??? (fragment sentence)
• ????????????

78
?????????

• 1.???????????????,???????????
• 2.?????????????????,??????????????????
• 3. ????????????????????,????????????????

79
3. ??????

• ?????????????????
• ?????
• ????????????????
• ???????????
• ????????????????
• ??????????????
• ?????

80

• ?????????????????
• ??????????
• ?????????????????
• ?????????
• ?????????????????
• ????
• ?????????????????
• ???????
• ???????????(????
• ?? ??????)

81

• ?????? ??????,????,????
• ?????? ????,????????, ????,???????
• ?????? ????????????,????,????
• ?????? ????,????,????
• ?????? ????, ????, ????

82
???

• ????????
• ??????

83
1. ????

• ??????????????????

84
2. ????

• ?????????????????, ?????? ?????????,
  ?????????.