Chapter 18 Section 4

1
Chapter 18 Section 4

• Two Nations Live on the Edge

2
Race for the H-Bomb

• Atomic Bomb Splits Atoms
• Scientists suspected that it would be possible to
  build a bomb which fuses atoms-a hydrogen bomb
• Estimated to be 67 times more powerful than the
  bomb dropped on Hiroshima

3
Race for the H-Bomb

• Many questioned the morality of creating such a
  weapon
• Oppenheimer opposed this project
• However, now that the Soviets had an atomic bomb,
  the US had no advantage

4
Race for the H-Bomb

• Politicians and the military pressed for a more
  powerful weapon
• According to them, we had to develop one before
  the Soviets did
• Truman authorizes work on the H-Bomb

5
Race for the H-Bomb

• 11/1/52- US explodes the 1st H-Bomb
• 10 times more powerful than they thought it would
  be
• American advantage lasted less than a year
• Soviets exploded their own in August 1953

6
Brinkmanship

• Dwight Eisenhower now President
• Secretary of state-John Foster Dulles-staunch
  anti-communist
• Not willing to make any compromises with communism

7
Brinkmanship

• Dulles proposed a new policy the US would keep
  peace by promising to use all its force
  including nuclear weapons- against an aggressor
  nation
• This policy was known as brinkmanship

8
Brinkmanship

• This policy placed more importance on nuclear
  weapons and the planes that delivered them
• So, US trimmed the army and navy, but beefed up
  the size of the air force
• Produced massive numbers of nuclear weapons

9
Brinkmanship

• Arms race begins
• Soviets respond by building more of their own
  nuclear weapons
• Americans convinced that Soviet bombs were
  pointed at American cities
• Kids did air raid drills
• Families built bomb shelters
• Fear of nuclear war became a constant fear

10
Cold War Spreads Around the World

• National defense now dependent on nuclear arms
• Eisenhower relies more heavily on Central
  Intelligence Agency (CIA) for information

11
Cold War Spreads Around the World

• CIA used spies to gather information
• Carried out covert actions
• Secret operations
• In attempts to overthrow governmets unfriendly to
  the US

12
Covert Actions

• Eisenhower equated Soviet leadership to
  totalitarian dictatorship of WWII
• Soviet leadership was ordering secret operations
  against its enemies
• Eisenhower felt the US was at a disadvantage
  should carry out covert actions

13
Covert Actions Middle East

• 1951 Iran- Prime Minister placed oil industry
  under govmt control
• To protest, western nations stopped buying
  Iranian Oil
• As Iranian govmt struggled-US feared Iran would
  turn to Soviet Union

14
Covert Actions Middle East

• 1953-CIA urged Shah(King) of Iran to replace
  Iranian PM with someone pro-western
• Iranian people remained loyal to the Shah
• PM fled

15
Covert Actions Guatemala

• 1954- Eisenhower believed Guatemala had communist
  sympathies
• Gave over 200,000 acres of American owned land to
  peasants

16
Covert Actions Guatemala

• In response CIA trained army
• Invaded Guatemala
• Captured nations leader (Guzman) and his forces
• CIA trained armys leader became new dictator of
  the nation

17
A Summit in Geneva

• US/Soviet relations seemed to improve after the
  death of Stalin in 1953
• Soviets recognize West Germany
• Conclude peace treaties with Austria and Japan

18
A Summit in Geneva

• However
• Soviets grew fearful when W. Germany re-armed and
  joined NATO
• Formed its own military alliance-Warsaw Pact-w/
  Eastern European satellite nations

19
A Summit in Geneva

• July 1955-Eisenhower traveled to Geneva,
  Switzerland
• To meet w/ Soviet leaders in the 1st East-West
  summit conference since WWII

20
A Summit in Geneva

• Eisenhower proposed an open skies policy
• US Soviet Union would allow flight over each
  others territory
• To guard against a surprise nuclear attack
• Rejected by Soviets-thought it was a trick to
  find Soviet nuclear weapons

21
A Summit in Geneva

• Summit accomplished nothing specific
• But it seemed to promise a movement toward peace

22
Crisis in the Middle East

• Cold War affected the Middle east as well as
  Europe
• 1955 US Britain agree to finance a dam in Egypt
  at Aswan, along the Nile River

23
Crisis in the Middle East

• Gamal Nasser, head of Egypt, began to strengthen
  his ties with communist nations
• US Britain withdrew offer to build the dam
• Angry Nasser seized the Suez Canal
• Which was owned by Britain and France

24
Crisis in the Middle East

• British French angry
• Israel also angry at Egypt-which had been making
  terrorist raids into Israel
• Britain, France Israel invade Egypt- October
  1956

25
Crisis in the Middle East

• Soviets threaten to launch missiles against
  Britain and France
• US warns-it would not tolerate such action
• UN imposed a cease fire
• Canal reopened in 1957-under Egyptian management

26
Soviet Aggression in Hungary

• Nikita Khrushchev new leader of Soviet Union
• Openly criticized Stalin in Feb of 1956
• Said Stalin committed crimes against the Soviet
  people

27
Soviet Aggression in Hungary

• People wondered if Khrushchev was going to be
  less repressive
• Eastern European nations began to dream of
  breaking free of Soviet control

28
Soviet Aggression in Hungary

• Hungary was an example
• Leaders were debating about how much freedom to
  grant Hungary
• Hungary had attempted to either remove Soviets or
  to reform the government
• Khrushchev allowed for a reform minded premier to
  take control of Hungary

29
Soviet Aggression in Hungary

• Hungary wanted out of the Warsaw Pact
• Soviets respond brutally
• Soviet tanks roll in and kill 30,000 Hungarians
• Thousands fled to the US

30
Soviet Aggression in Hungary

• Eisenhower offered no military aid
• Protested the invasion
• Sent 20 million for food and medicine

31
Eisenhower Doctrine

• Soviet prestige grew in middle east due to
  support of Egypt
• Eisenhower had to provide a counterbalance
• Issued Eisenhower Doctrine- US would defend
  middle east against any communist attack

32
Cold War Takes to the Skies

• 1957-US thought they were ahead of the Soviets in
  military technology
• US had warheads that could deliver warheads 1,500
  to 3,000 miles
• But by August 1957-Soviets developed an
  Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)

33
Sputnik Launches the Space Race

• 10/4/57- Soviets use an ICMB to launch the 1st
  unmanned satellite out of Earths atmosphere
• Sputnik traveled 18,000 miles/hr
• Circled globe every 96.2 minutes
• If the Soviets could do this they could hit the
  US w/ a missile

34
Sputnik Launches the Space Race

• Americans felt vulnerable to nuclear attack
• US seemed to be falling behind in science and
  technology
• Schools attempted to improve math, science, and
  foreign language classes

35
Sputnik Launches the Space Race

• American scientists frantically tried to catch up
• January 31, 1958 US successfully launched its 1st
  satellite
• Race to built bigger satellites and better
  weapons systems was on

36
U2 is Shot Down

• CIA was making high altitude flights over SU
• Used U2 spy planes
• Could fly higher than Soviet fighters
• Beyond the reach of anti-aircraft fire
• Was able to take detailed photos

37
U2 is Shot Down

• Eisenhower wanted flights discontinued
• Was afraid that if one was shot down if would
  hurt US/Soviet relations
• Dulles persuaded him to authorize 1 more flight

38
U2 is Shot Down

• May 1, 1960- US spy plane piloted by Francis Gary
  Powers shot down over Soviet territory
• US said it disappeared while on a weather mission
• Khrushchev announced what had happened

39
U2 is Shot Down

• Shot down 1,300 miles deep in Soviet Territory
• Powers was captured alive
• Bad moment for the US
• Eisenhower took responsibility for the flight

40
Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower

• Denounced Eisenhower at what was supposed to be a
  second peace summit at Geneva-then left
• U2 incident ended Eisenhowers effectiveness as a
  peacemaker