Unit One

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Unit One Biological Diversity
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Is truth stranger than fiction?
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Unit One Biological Diversity   Topic One
Biological Diversity and Survival
http//taggalaxy.com/
Biology is the study of living things (plants,
animals, bacteria, fungus)
Diversity refers to the number of differences
between objects
Therefore, Biological Diversity is the study of
the differences between all living things on the
planet
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-in almost all animals and plants, there is a
wide variety of differences we can see
-these differences are known as VARIATIONS
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-Variations are found in ALL groups of living
things!
What are some variations between students in our
class??
So whats the point? Why is variation important?
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-Biological Diversity looks at the variation
within species (genetic diversity).
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the variation between species.
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..and the variations of ecosystems.
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The greater the amount of variations, the greater
the diversity!!
The more diversity, the greater the chance for
making new discoveries and for species survival!
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For example, many of our medicine comes from the
different variety of trees.
The Pacific Yew tree found in B.C. makes a
cancer-fighting chemical called Taxol
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As animals and plants become extinct, then the
diversity of life on our planet decreases.
As rain forests get cut down, we lose species of
trees that may have medical value that may help
save lives.
Fact In the Amazon Rain Forests, biologists have
only studied five percent of the plants that
exist there for medical treatment.
Fact Up to 70 of all the plants that have been
studied in the rainforest have cancer-fighting
properties
Fact In the last 50 years, half of the worlds
rain forests have been wiped out.
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Variations For Survival
ADAPTATIONS are features that increase an
organisms chances of surviving and reproducing
in a particular environment
Animals that live in similar environments have
similar adaptations.
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What are adaptations of animals that live in the
water??
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Adaptations include two things

1. Structural Adaptations physical features that
   help an organism to survive in its environment

a. Fins are used by marine life for mobility.
b. Fur allows animals to retain body heat during
cold conditions.
c. Animals use color to help blend into their
surroundings for protection and to
hunt prey.
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Camouflage
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Mimicry
Xylophanes caterpillar has
such tiny eyes that you would
need a hand lens to see them.
The red "eyes" and pointed
"stinger" are both fake.
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Sexual Dimorphism
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Polymorphism
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2. Behavioural Adaptation
-how an animal acts
-can be taught how to act by their parents or
they are born with the knowledge (instinct)
a. The migration of birds and whales.
b. Birds dancing to attract a mate.
c. Humans using sounds to communicate information.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v4Mb0GOITRUUsafety_
modetruepersist_safety_mode1 Cuckoo bird
clip
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So, whats the big deal about diversity then?
The larger the variation between animals, the
greater the chances of organisms surviving if
their environment changes or their food source
runs out.
E.g. During the ice age, animals that had more
fur or could eat a variety of food sources
survived.
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Organisms that are not adapted to their
environment or are weak, die off leaving the
strong or best-fitted to their environment to
survive.
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Variation Within Species
-a group of organisms are classified as a SPECIES
if
1. They are similar in appearance to other of its
kind.
2. They are able to mate in nature with each
other and their offspring are able to breed.
E.g. Grizzly bears are a species because they
have a distinct look and mate with other grizzly
bears. Their offspring can also give birth.
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While they often look the same, there is great
variety within a species.
Some are bigger than others, some are faster,
some have larger teeth, some are smarter, some
are different colors
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These differences between animals within the same
species allows for even greater diversity and
allows individual animals to be different.
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Just because animals look similar to one another,
doesnt mean they are part of the same species.
STERILE
MULE!! Cannot have living offspring so it is not
a species.
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Liger lion
father / tiger mother
Tigon tiger father
/ lion mother
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Variation Among Species
Lynx, Bobcats, and Cougars look similar but all
are difference species.
All are thought to have developed from a common
ancestor but over time, the cats evolved to fit
into there own environment and food sources.
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This process of a new species being formed after
many generations is called SPECIATION.
(SPEE SEE AI SHON)
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Members of the same species often adapt for life
in a more specialized environment creating sub
species. This reduces the competition between
individuals.
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Niche
A niche is the series of roles an organism plays
in its environment.
What is your niche?
The general niches occupied by organisms are 1.
Producer--photosynthetic organisms which grow
using energy from the sun
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2. Consumereat other organisms for nutrients
a. Herbivoreeats producers
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b. Omnivoreeat consumers and producers
c. Carnivoreeat other consumers
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Decomposerbreaks down dead organisms and
releases nutrients which are used by other living
things
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Broad Niche Organisms AKA Generalists

• Organisms have more general adaptations suited to
  a greater variety of habitats and food sources
• These organisms often found in large populations
• Not as many different species found in the
  regions inhabited by generalists
• Often located in regions with diverse seasonal
  changes

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Narrow Niche Organisms AKA Specialists

• Organisms have more specialized adaptations
  suited to a specific habitat and food source
• These organisms often found in relatively small
  populations
• Many specialists located in a single area

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of
being a specialist and a generalist?
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Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiosis A close relationship in which two
species live closely together in a relationship
that lasts over time.
What is the meaning of these pictures?
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Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism
both organisms benefit one organism benefits but the other organism is harmed one organism benefits but the other organism is unaffected
Example The yucca plant and the yucca moth (obligate symbiants) -- The Yucca moth eats only yucca plant pollen and the yucca plant is only pollinated by the yucca moth! Example A tapeworm in a cat-- The tapeworm robs the cat of its nutrients and the worm thrives while the cat suffers. Ectoparasites live on the host. Endoparasites live in the host. Example An orchid growing on a tree--The tree provides a place for the orchid to grow so the orchid benefits. The orchid does not harm the tree so the tree is essentially unaffected.
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What are other examples of symbiosis?
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Parasitism
Endoparasites
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Zombie Snails http//www.youtube.com/watch?vEWB_C
OSUXMwsafety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1safe
active Body Invaders http//ngccommunity.nation
algeographic.com/ngcblogs/inside-ngc/2009/06/must-
see-video-body-invaders.html Guinea
Worms http//www.youtube.com/watch?vla9ptX7oktgs
afety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive

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Cat Tapeworms http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdmZhC
hxVRkIsafety_modetruepersist_safety_mode1safe
active
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Dog heart infected with parasitic heartworms.

Worms
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worm

Blood cell
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Ectoparasites
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Fleas
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Ticks
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Lice
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Commensalism
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Mutualism
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