The Industrial Revolution in the United States

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The Industrial Revolution 1730 - 1830
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The Industrial Revolution

• is called a revolution because it changed society
  rapidly and significantly.
• brought a shift from agriculture to modern
  industry.

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Agricultural Revolution

• New World crops like potato, corn and other
  high-yield crops introduced to Europe
• Crop rotation began
• Enclosure allowed for private farming
• New technologies increased efficiency and
  productivity of farms

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Britain takes the lead

• Land and Resources
• Labor
• Capital

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Regions of Spread

• Began in Britain
• Spread through
• Belgium
• France
• German
• Then to Japan
• And the United States

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The Phases

• 1730 1770 inventions that made work in
  textiles easier relied on water power
• 1770 1792 new inventions improved upon,
  mainly for the cotton industry, BUT needed more
  powerful energy source, led to
• 1792 1830 steam power more efficient
• 1830 transportation advances, locomotives

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Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
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Flying Shuttle John Kay 1733
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Eli Whitney cotton gin - 1793
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SO

• Urbanization
• Almost half of the population was free to leave
  the farms and move to cities
• 1800 only 20 cities in Europe with pop. of
  gt100,000
• 1900 150 cities had populations of this size,
  London had 5 million people
• Ireland is the exception 1840s

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The effects were . . .

• economic activities changed from agriculture to
  manufacturing
• production shifted from the home to factories
• large populations moved to the cities
• End of slavery in industrial areas, why?

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Areas of Change

• machines
• power to run the machines what kind of power?
• labor
• communication
• transportation

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Need for resources

• Where to the European nations go for the
  increasing need for resources?
• They have lost their colonies.
• Their own resources and finances start to become
  insufficient for their needs.
• So

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Famous Inventors of the Era

• John Kay
• James Hargreaves
• Richard Arkwright
• Edward Cartright

• Gottlieb Daimler
• George Stephenson
• Guglielmo Marconi
• James Watt

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Which method is more efficient and productive?
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Guglielmo Marconi radio 1890s
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Famous Inventors of the Era cont

• Louis Pasteur
• Luther Burbank
• Robert Fulton
• Samuel Colt
• Samuel Morse
• Samuel Slater
• Thomas Edison
• Wilbur and Orville Wright

• Alexander Graham Bell
• Cyrus McCormick
• Eli Whitney
• George Washington Carver
• Henry Ford
• Isaac M. Singer
• John Deere

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Other advancements

• Pasteurization - The process of pasteurization
  was created by Louis Pasteur.  Pasteur's aim was
  to destroy bacteria, molds, spores etc.  He
  discovered that the destruction of bacteria can
  be performed by exposing them to certain minimum
  temperature for certain minimum time and the
  higher the temperature the shorter the exposure
  time required.
• What does the mean for the general population?
• http//www.anarac.com/pasteurization.htm

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Condition of Workers

• With interchangeable parts and assembly lines
  came social costs, particularly for women and
  children
• 16-hour days
• Underpaid for work
• Dangerous work with no insurance or protection
• Children as young as six went to work Why?
• Women worked in factories and at home
• HOW DOES GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY RESPOND TO THESE
  ILLS.

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Cripples in the Yard of the Children's Home in
LondonSource www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
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New York City, March 25, 1911 Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory Fire
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On the other side of the coin

• Karl Marx pointed out that workers had genuine
  opportunities but were being exploited as a
  consequence of capitalism
• The Communist Manifesto 1848 written with
  Friedrich Engels working class would revolt and
  take control of production example the
  Luddities in England (early 1880s)

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• Marxism served as the foundation of socialism and
  communism

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Trade or Labor Unions
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Reforms

• Slave Trade outlawed 1807
• Slavery outlawed in England 1833
• What replaces this labor force?
• Factory Act of 1833
• British parliament passed
• Limiting work hours
• Restricting children from working in factories
• Safer, cleaner factories
• Mines Act of 1842
• Ten Hours Act of 1847 women and children under
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Reactions - Realism

• Literary
• Charles Dickens
• His REALISTIC novels
• focused on lower classes
• of the IR and showcased
• the brutal life of the
• urban poor.
• Reaction to the Romanticism of the 18th century

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Reactions

• Art
• Gustave Courbet
• French Realist painter who focused on everyday
  life.

The Stone Breakers, 1849
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New Social Pyramid

• New Aristocrats rich based on industrial
  success
• Middle class managers, accountants, ministers,
  lawyers, doctors, skill professionals
• Working class HUGE CLASS factory workers and
  peasant farmers

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Rise of Industrial Class

• Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776)
  free-market system (capitalism) meets the needs
  and desires of individuals and nations.
• Laissez-faire capitalism
• What is the effect of these economic ideas?
• Encouraged the rise of private investment
  British East India Company
• What is the capital and resources going to come
  from for this industrial rise?

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Scientific Advancements

• Natural Selection Charles Darwin's theory of
  biological evolution, based on the survival and
  replication of the fittest and most adaptable
  genes, through competition over limited natural
  resources.
• Influences later social ideas through Social
  Darwinism.

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Social Darwinism

• Darwin himself recommended that his views based
  on evolution be applied to ethical understanding
  and social sciences. Darwin said the following to
  H. Thiel in a letter in 1869
• You will readily believe how much interested I
  am in observing that you apply to moral and
  social questions analogous views to those which I
  have used in regard to the modification of
  species. It did not occur to me formerly that my
  views could be extended to such widely different,
  and most important, subjects.

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With the struggle in nature also being accepted
as being in human nature, conflicts in the name
of racism, Fascism, Communism, and imperialism,
and the efforts of strong peoples to crush
peoples they perceived as weaker were by now
clothed in a scientific façade. It was now
impossible to reproach or obstruct those who
carried out barbarous massacres, treated human
beings like animals, turned peoples against each
other, who despised others on account of their
race, who closed down small businesses in the
name of competition, and who refused to extend
the hand of help to the poor. Because they were
doing this in accordance with a "scientific"
natural law. This new scientific account came
to be known as "Social Darwinism." The Disasters
Darwinism Brought To Humanity by Yahya
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Capitalism

• Private property
• market systems
• competition
• laissez faire
• profit motive

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Humanitarian Reforms

• Utilitarians
• Humanitarian Liberalism
• Early Labor movements
• Early Factory Reforms

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Utilitarians

• Jeremy Bentham - founder of Utilitarianism --
  simply put, the philosophy that a moral act is
  one which produces the greatest happiness for the
  greatest number of people. He outlined this
  theory in his 1789 work, Introduction to the
  Principles of Morals and Legislation. His outlook
  made him a vocal critic of many legal and
  political institutions, and he was considered
  quite radical for his day.
• goal of actions should be to achieve the greatest
  good for the greatest number
• the state can be ominicompetent-fit to
  undertake anything for the general welfare

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Humanitarian Liberals

• John Stuart Mill and Charles Dickens
• positive remedies to modify laissez faire
• workers should be allowed to unionize
• form cooperatives
• state should protect laboring women and children
• universal suffrage
• public education --equally open to men and women
• On Liberty classic statement on the liberty of
  the individual

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Early Labor Movements

• Strikes were illegal, but there were many
• wanted higher wages and better working conditions
• Europeans and Americans regarded unions as
  illegal
• 1870 Parliament passed a law that permitted
  strikes
• collective bargaining accepted in 20th century

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Early Reforms

• Examples from Britain
• 1819 prohibited employment of children under 9 in
  cotton mills
• couldnt work more than 12 hours a day
• 1832 women prohibited from working in mines
• 1847 Ten Hours act--women and children in mills

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SuffrageWomen were seen as second class citizens
and incapable of the mental capacity to vote

• Conservatives against women voting, worried
  they would vote for liberal or labour.
• Liberals worried if property owning women were
  given the vote then they would vote conservative
• Labour, started in 1900, were in favour of female
  suffrage but wanted all working class women to
  get the vote first.

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Suffrage

• From 1850 women gained educational, civil and
  political equality.
• Suffragists
• National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies
  Established 1897 by Millicent Fawcett (England).
• Methods peaceful protest, petitions to
  government and propaganda The Suffragist.
• The Suffragettes Womens Social and Political
  Union 1903 founded by Emmeline Pankhurst.
  Deeds not words. More militant actions.

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Actions of the Suffragettes.
Actions of the suffragists.
Government Attitudes and Actions.
Why did women not have the vote by 1914?
Attitude of public and press.
Splits in the suffrage movement.
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Socialism

• Kinds of socialism
• Utopian
• Democratic
• Scientific
• Definition--major means of production and
  distribution are communally owned

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Utopian

• Convert by example--persuasion and
  demonstration
• model communities
• Robert Owen - The founder of socialism in
  England. Was born of poor parents in Newtown,
  Montgomeryshire, 1771. In 1800 he became owner of
  the New Lanark Cotton Factory, where he proceeded
  to put in practice his theories of a new system
  of society. He afterwards made unsuccessful
  attempts to establish communistic settlements at
  New Harmony in America (1825), and Harmony Hall
  in Hampshire (1844). To his efforts may be traced
  the first factory legislation, the cooperative
  movement, and the establishment of infant
  schools. Died 1858. (www.sacklunch.net)

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Democratic

• Peaceful conversion
• democratic parties
• major means of production and distribution owned
  by the state
• welfare state
• graduated taxes

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Scientific Socialism

• Marxism/communism
• economic determinism
• class struggle
• inevitability of communism
• dictatorship of the proletariat
• classless society
• state will wither away
• From each according to his abilities, to each
  according to his needs.
• Communist Manifesto

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Imperialism

• So where do the capitalist nations of the West go
  to feed the beast of the Industrial Revolution?
• Thats another lecture!