BLOOD

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BLOOD
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Functions of Blood

• Transportation
• oxygen and carbon dioxide
• nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes
• heat
• Regulation
• pH through buffer systems
• body temperature
• osmotic pressure within cells
• Protection
• clot blood
• Fight disease

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Components of Blood

• Plasma straw colored liquid portion
• Water 92
• Solutes electrolytes, hormones, gases, etc.
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• Formed Elements Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes

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Plasma and Serum

• Plasmapheresis separates plasma from blood cells
• Serum --when blood clotting factors are removed

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Hematopoiesis

• Production of blood cells
• occurs in red bone marrow
• From stem cells called Hemocytoblasts
• Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys starts new
  RBCs (see pg 372)

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

• Carry Hemoglobin --gives whole blood its red
  color
• Have no nucleus
• Live about 120 days

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Hemoglobin

• Heme iron contains 4 per globin gives blood
  its color
• Globin protein ( carries some CO2)

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Leukocytes (WBCs)

• main function protection from foreign particles
• Two Main Types
• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes

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Granulocytes

• Neutrophils
• Phagocytes most numerous
• Eosinophils
• Removes allergens, reduces inflammation, increase
  with virus
• Basophils
• promotes inflammation by secreting histamines
• Heparin to prevent blood clotting

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Agranulocytes

• Lymphocytes
• produce antibodies T and B cells)
• Monocytes
• become Macrophages
• Large large eaters

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Thrombocytes (Platelets)

• Clot blood (hemostasis) and repair damaged blood
  vessels
• life span of about 5 to 9 days

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Hemostasis

• mechanism by which bleeding is stopped
• Three Basic Mechanisms
• Vascular Spasms
• Platelet Plug Formation
• Coagulation (Clotting)

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Vascular Spasm

• contraction of the smooth muscles in the vascular
  walls of a damaged blood vessel
• reflexes from pain receptors

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Platelet Plug Formation

• Platelet Adhesion platelets contact and stick
  to walls of damaged vessels
• Platelet Release Reaction platelets extend
  projections and release content of their granules
• Platelet Aggregation platelets gather in area
  of wound or injury
• forms a Platelet Plug to stop bleeding

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Coagulation (Clotting)

• Several steps needed for process to work
• Intrinsic (within blood)
• Extrinsic (within tissues)
• forms a Clot a network of fibrinogen(protein
  fibers) changes to fibrin

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Coagulation

• Fibrinogen changed to fibrin

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Thrombus and Embolus

• Thrombus stationary clot
• Embolus traveling clot effects 4 organs
  heart, lungs, brain and kidneys
• Clot may be blood, gas, fat, wastes, etc.

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ABO Blood Typing

• each parent contributes antigens (agglutinogens),
  or lack of antigens to their offspring
• O O O blood type
• A O and A A A blood type
• B O and B B B blood type
• A B AB blood type

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Rh Factor

• Presence or absence of Protein D on erythrocyte
• May effect mothers 2nd pregnancy
• May cause Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

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THE END OF BLOOD
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