European Claims in Muslim Regions

1
European Claims in Muslim Regions

• Chapter 9
• Section 3

2
Stresses in Muslim Regions

• Empires in Decline
• - By the 1700s all three Muslim empires were in
  decline.
• - The Ottomans in the Middle East
• - The Safavids in Persia
• - The Mughals in India
• - The causes of decline were powerful landowning
  nobles, military elites, corruption, Muslim
  scholars and leaders.
• Rise of Muslim Reform Movements
• - In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements
  rose across various Muslim regions of Africa and
  Asia.
• - Most stressed religious piety and strict rules
  of behavior.
• - In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad announced that he
  was the Mahdi, the long-awaited savior of the
  faith.
• - The Mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted
  British expansion into the region.

3
The Mahdi
4
The Wahhabi

• The Wahhabi movement in Arabia rejected the
  schools of theology and law of the Ottoman
  Empire.
• - They wanted to recapture the purity and
  simplicity of Muhammads original teachings.
• - The Wahhabi movement survived and its
  teachings remain influential in the kingdom of
  Saudi Arabia today.
• European Imperialism
• - The three Muslim empires faced powerful
  threats from Western Imperialists.
• - European powers won treaties and trading
  rights through diplomacy and military threats.
• - Europeans demanded special rights when living
  in Muslim regions and often intervened in local
  affairs.

5
The Wahhabi Movement
6
Problems for the Ottoman Empire
7
Nationalist Revolts Break Out

• Ideas of Nationalism spread from Western Europe
  as internal revolts weakened the multiethnic
  Ottoman empire.
• - Peoples in North Africa, Eastern Europe, and
  the Middle East threatened to break away.
• - In the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians and
  Romanians gained their independence.
• - Egypt also slipped out of Ottoman control.
• European pressure increased from the slow
  crumbling of the Ottoman Empire.
• - France seized Algeria and Russia attempted to
  gain control of the Bosporus.
• - Germany and its new empire built a
  Berlin-to-Baghdad railway in 1898.

8
Efforts to Westernize

• During the late 1700s, several Ottoman rulers
  looked to the West for ideas.
• They built railroads, improved education, and
  hired Europeans to train a modern military.
• The reforms brought improved medical care and
  revitalized farming.
• The adoption of Western ideas increased tension.
• Sultans, rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire
  rejected these reforms and tried to rebuild the
  autocratic power.
• In the 1890s , a group of liberals formed a
  movement called the Young Turks, and overthrew
  the sultan.
• Before the Young Turks could plan reform, World
  War I broke out in 1914.

9
Armenian Genocide

• Genocide is a deliberate attempt to destroy a
  racial, political, or cultural group.
• The Otttomans let minority nationalities live in
  their own communities and practice their own
  religions.
• Nationalism ignited new tensions between Turkish
  nationalists and minority peoples who sought
  their own states.
• These tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the
  Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in the
  eastern mountains of the empire.
• The Muslim Turks accused the Christian Armenians
  of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman
  empire.
• When Armenians protested repressive Ottoman
  policies, the sultan had tens thousands of them
  slaughtered.
• Over the next 25 years, between 600,000 and 1.5
  million Armenians were killed or died from
  disease and starvation.

10
Armenian Genocide
11
Genocide
12
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14
Egypt Seeks to Modernize

• The Suez Canal

15
Outline

• I. Egypt seeks to Modernize
• A. Muhammad Ali Introduces Reforms
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• B. Building the Suez Canal
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• C. Becoming a British Protectorate
• 1.
• 2.

16
Homework

• Standards Check
• Section 2
• Pg. 290 - 296