Evolution

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Evolution
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Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation

• 1620s Redi-Italian Scientist set forth to prove
  Spontaneous Generation WRONG! People did not
  buy into itwhy?

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Finally.Spontaneous Generation is Busted

• Pasteur-French 1820s

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Life on Earth
Miller and Urey-1950s America
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Fossils Interest in 1800s
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Cuvier and Lyell- after studying rock layers,
came up with these conclusions

• George Cuvier-1800, Europe, since organisms in
  rock layers spontaneously go extinct,
  catastrophes must shape the way organisms evolve.
• Charles Lyell-1850s-Europe, organisms change and
  evolve from changing geological process that have
  been around since the beginning of time. Slow,
  steady changes, NOT sudden catastrophes have
  shaped earth and its organisms. Idea of
  uniformitarianism.

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Lamarck-early 1800s
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Charles Darwin 1850s

• Interested in science
• Read about Lyell's thoughts
• descent with modification-organisms came from a
  common ancestor and was changed or modified with
  time turning into a different organism
• Sailed the Beagle to collect evidence of his
  theory
• Journal was made into a book called, the Origin
  of Species

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Set to prove his theory of Descent with
ModificationDarwins Journey on the Beagle
1830s
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Galapagos Finches
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Galapagos Turtles
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Natural Selection with the White-Peppered Moths
1800s England
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Natural Selection

• Caused descent with modification evolution
  because of 4 main factors

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4 factors

• Overproduction
• genetic variation
• struggle to survive
• differential reproduction

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4 factors that lead to Natural Selection

• 1. Overproduction-better chance of survival with
  the production of more offspring, because
  eventually the environment will reach a carrying
  capacity.
• 2. Genetic Variation-different genes produce
  different traits which may be more favorable in a
  certain environment
• 3. Struggle to Survive Organisms must compete
  for survival, food, resources, space, genes
  (adaptations).
• 4. Differential Reproduction-Organisms with the
  best adaptations are more likely to survive,
  therefore they evolve

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Thomas Malthus

• Late 1700s-Proposed that populations increase
  faster than food supplies. Thus, populations are
  always limited by conditions such as war,
  disease, lack of food.
• What does this mean for the human population?
  Have we reached our carrying capacity? Do we
  have any of these factors limiting our population
  today?

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• http//www.worldometers.info/world-population/

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Evidence of Evolution

• Fossils-age and distribution
• Transitional Species
• Biogeography
• Anatomy-homologous structures
• Embryology
• Biological Molecules

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Fossils in close proximity are alike, fossils far
away are different
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Transitional species
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Biogeography

• Study of the locations of organisms around the
  world
• Marsupials are only in Australia, however, they
  look like moles, wolves, catsthey must have
  evolved separately

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AnatomyHomologous structures-shows a relationship
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Anatomy Analogous structures do not show a
relationship
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Embryology
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Vestigial Structures
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Biomolecules such as DNA
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Phylogeny
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Evolution in action

• Adaptive radiation-A new population to a new
  environment, changing rapidly to adapt to its new
  surroundings (CA Salamander)
• Convergent evolution-different species evolve
  similar traits to best suit its environment
  (whale, dolphin and shark are unrelated but share
  similar characteristics)
• Divergent evolution-when descendents from a
  common ancestor diversify into different species
  that fit a different environment.

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CA Salamander
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Selective breeding
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Coevolution
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Transitional Species
The Whale How it has evolved
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Adaptations