The%20Spread%20of%20Protestantism%20And%20the%20Catholic%20Reformation

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The Spread of ProtestantismAnd the Catholic
Reformation

• Chapter 5 Sections 3, 4 and 5
• The Germans, Swiss, and the English influences

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Martin Luther

• The Protestant Reformation was begun by a German
  Monk named Martin Luther in 1517. Breaks
  Christians into two main sides Catholics and
  Protestants .
• Luther and many others saw the Catholic Church of
  the 1500s as corrupt and extravagant especially
  in its practice of selling indulgences paying
  the Catholic Church to have ones sins absolved
  and assure them entrance to heaven

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• After much thought, on Oct. 31st 1517, Luther
  (now a priest and professor) nailed a placard
  with his 95 Theses (or statements) criticizing
  indulgences and other church policies on the
  Wittenberg Church door! Printed copies quickly
  spread across Germany.
• Sales of INDULGENCES declined quickly, Luther was
  excommunicated in 1521 and then was brought to
  the Diet(meaning council) of WORMS to recant
  (take back)his views in front of German princes.
  He refused! Was labeled a heretic and an outlaw
  and goes into hiding at a friendly Prince of
  Saxony.

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Spread of Protestantism

• In the 1500s Protestantism spread throughout
  Europe but divisions within it began to appear
• 1525 A Swiss priest named Zwingli in the city
  of Zurich set up a theocracy meaning a church
  run state. An army of Swiss Catholics rose up to
  fight the folk of Zurich and defeated them. (One
  of the many religious wars to take place between
  European Catholics and the new Protestants)

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• John Calvin 1541 Another Swiss church leader in
  Geneva started his own brand of Protestantism
  which became known as Calvinism. Very democratic
  in nature. He spread the belief of
  Predestination That God alone determines the
  fate of every person. Calvinism urged peoples
  to overthrow ungodly rulers. Contributes to
  rise of later revolutionary movements in the 1600
  and 1700s.

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Englands Church Turmoil

• Reformation ideas filtered into England in 1500s.
  A quarrel occurred between the Pope and King
  Henry VIII and brought these ideas into English
  politics.
• Henry VIII had first married a Catholic Spanish
  princess named Catherine of Aragon who did bear
  him a daughter, MARY. Henry, however, wanted a
  male heir to the throne, believed Catherine too
  old to produce more kids, asked for a divorce so
  he could marry the cute Anne Boleyn. The Pope
  refused.

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• Henry, being king, then directed that a series of
  laws be passed by Parliament breaking the English
  church away from Romes control. The Act of
  Supremacy in 1534, made Henry the head of the
  English Church instead of the pope.

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• The New Church of England kept many of the
  Catholic doctrines and forms of worship. Henry
  did close monasteries, seized Catholic lands etc.
  HE NEVER did consider himself a Protestant
  Reformer however. Some English Catholics, like
  Sir Thomas Moore did complain about the change
  and were beheaded! OOPs, dont complain to the
  KING!

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Henrys Wives The good, naughty and the beheaded

• Henry (as head of the Church) had the Church of
  England declare his divorce from Catherine.
  After his second marriage to Anne, Boleyn did
  give Henry a daughter, Elizabeth, but still no
  son.
• Henry, not happy, after a few years had Anne
  beheaded ( accused of an affair with her brother,
  NEVER happened)
• Henry married 4 more times to
• Jane Seymourm. 1536 - 1537Died after giving
  birth to a son Edward
• Anne of Clevesm. 1540 Jan. - JulyDivorced
• Kathryn Howardm. 1540 - 1542Executed
• Katherine Parrm. 1543 1547 Widowed.

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Englands journey to Anglicanism

• Bonus HISTORY! After Henry VIIIs death Edward
  (son of Jane Seymour)became Edward IV at age nine
  and ruled England until he died in his late
  teens.
• replaced by Catherines daughter Mary who became
  known as Bloody Mary for burning protestants to
  death while trying to restore Catholicism to
  England by force.)

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• After Catholic Queen Marys death in 1558, her
  half sister Elizabeth (daughter of Anne Boleyn)
  becomes Queen Elizabeth I and fully transforms
  the English Church to Protestantism with some
  Catholic features, this blend becomes Anglicanism
  and pleases most Englishmen
• (except the Puritans who want to chop out all
  remaining bits of Catholic ritual and flee to New
  World later)

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The Catholic Reformation

• During the 1530s and 1540s Pope Paul III set out
  reform the Catholic Church and stem the advance
  of Protestant ideas.
• Council of Trent met off and on for 20 yrs until
  1563 reaffirmed Catholic teachings that
  salvation would come from faith and good works
  and declared that church tradition was equal in
  importance to what is written in the Bible. (must
  follow Papal decrees)

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• Also said only Bible version to read is the LATIN
  version (Protestants printed Bible in local
  tongues) also Mass in Latin
• Started SEMINARY SCHOOLS to ensure a better
  educated clergy
• Encouraged new art and architecture style called
  baroque
• Which stressed emotion complexity and
  exaggeration for dramatic effect. Examples

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Baroque Art example
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The Inquisition

• Started in 1232, as a church court, courts set up
  across Europe, especially Spain.
• Used to convert heretics (those who spoke against
  decrees of Catholic Church)
• courts used persuasion then if that failed
  torture! Often accused people without evidence.
• To deal with Protestant threat, Inquisition
  strengthened in 1500s by Pope Paul III
• Introduced censorship and Banned certain books to
  curtail humanist and Protestant thinking

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A Divided Europe

• 1555 Peace of Augsberg signed between Catholic
  Holy Roman Emperor and German Princes, allowed
  each ruler to choose the religion of their
  subjects
• Catholicism stayed popular in Southern Europe,
  places like Italy, France, Spain Portugal and
  southern Germany
• Protestantism popular in Northern Europe, places
  like Scotland, Netherlands, Northern Germany and
  Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway)

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• England had a blend of Protestant and Catholic
  called Anglicanism
• Religious Wars between the 2 factions did break
  out in 1500s and early 1600s
• European Jews caught in the middle and persecuted
  by both sides (except in tolerant Netherlands)