AP US Exam Review Unit 1: The Colonial Era

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AP US Exam ReviewUnit 1 The Colonial Era

• Major Themes
• Exploration and Interaction with Native-Americans
• Spanish, English and French settlements
  similarities and differences
• English Colonies similarities and differences
• English colonies democratic elements

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New World Beginnings

• Nomadic Asians
• Bering Land Bridge
• Connected Eurasia w/North America-present-day
  Bering Sea, between Siberia and Alaska.
• Bridge exposed during Ice Age (35,000 yrs ago)
  Asian hunters followed migratory herds of game
  -first known humans to arrive in America

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Causes of European Exploration

• Improvements in technology, religious conflict
  (Catholics in Spain, Prot. Revolution in Europe),
  expanding trade, and rise of nation- states

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Crusades- Exploration grew out of fierce
competition

• Crusaders started trading when they acquired a
  taste for Asian African goods like silk,
  medicine, spices, and perfume
• Technology compass, sturdier vessels, printing
  press
• Portuguese and Spanish went looking for a route
  to Asia
• Renaissance - Nurtured ambitious spirit of
  optimism adventure around the 14th century

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American Indians

• Central and South America Maya, Aztec, Inca
  trade, large cities, advanced technology
• Most natives in North America semi-permanent
  hunting and farming - MAIZE
• Some nomadic Plains hunt buffalo
• Larger Pueblo in SW multi-storied,
  irrigation, uprising
• Iroquois in NY democratic Confederacy

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Spanish and Columbus

• 1492 purpose of voyage?
• Interactions with Natives
• Legacy? - Columbian Exchange
• Hero or Villain?
• The lack of unity between tribes due to various
  cultural/ political and language differences
  caused fighting between groups and left them
  susceptible to European invaders.

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Spanish Explorations and conquest

• 1. Conquistadors Central and South America,
  Southwest and West Coast of North America (Texas,
  California)
• 2. 3 Gs what are they?
• Missions, encomienda system, mestizos, DISEASE
• 3. Explorers Balboa (Panama/ Pacific), Ponce De
  Leon (Fl. St. Augustine), Magellan (tip of S.
  America), de Soto (Mississippi), Cortez (Aztec),
  Pizarro (Inca)
• 4. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

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The Conquest of Mexico

• Cortez and the fall of the Aztec Empire What
  happened?
• 1519 and the story of
• Quetzalcoatl
• The fate of Montezuma
• La Noche Triste, 1521
• Guns, Germs, and Steel
• A New Mexico cultural diffusion, relations
  with natives, mestizos

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The Spread of Spanish America

• 1565 - St. Augustine, Florida fortress built to
  protect the sea lanes to the Caribbean, oldest
  continually inhabited European settlement in the
  future US
• Roman Catholic missions California and SW
• 1680 - Popes Rebellion Pueblo rebels destroyed
  every Catholic Church in province and killed
  priests and settlers, rebuilt religious chamber
  on ruins of Spanish plaza just like? Why did
  they do this? Justified?

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French Claims

• Fur trade, good relations with Native people
• Settled in Canadian region
• Explorers Verrazano (NY), Cartier (St.
  Lawrence), Champlain (Quebec first French
  settlement)

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Spanish and French Settlements

• Long term influences?
• Spanish settled central and South America,
  conquistadors enslaved Native population and
  attempted to erase their culture, sometimes
  married Native people, exported gold to Spain,
  spread Catholicism and disease, new class system
  emerged
• French settled Canadian region, fur trade

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Dutch Claims

• Henry Hudson sought the Northwest Passage
• Sailed Hudson River
• Dutch claimed New Amsterdam (later NY) private
  joint-stock company (Dutch West India Company)
  took control of region for ECONOMIC GAIN!

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English Claims

• Reasons for migration
• 1. Profits (1)
• 2. Religious Freedom
• 3. Political reasons
• 4. Enclosure movement/ unemployment
• Elizabeth I - promoted exploration, sent Sir
  Walter Raleigh to explore the New World
• Roanoke Island - (1587) NC first colony -
  disappeared?
• Tree CROATOAN??

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Early English Settlements

• (1607) - Jamestown, Virginia First permanent
  English Settlement land at mouth of Chesapeake
  Bay, easy to defend but swampy, about 100 MEN (40
  died on voyage)
• Virginia Company (Joint-Stock Company)-Joint-stock
  companies enabled a large number of investors to
  pool their moneyand finance trips to America
  sought gold
• Charter - Guaranteed to colonists the same rights
  as Englishmen - this provision was incorporated
  into future colonists documents

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Colonial Era Jamestown, Virginia

• Early problems- disease, salt poisoning, starving
  time (1609 1610), cannibalism
• John Smith imposed martial law He who will
  not work shall not eat
• Settlement aided by the Powhatan Confederacy
• John Rolfe and Pocahontas married 1614
• Tobacco
• 1644 Powhatan Confederacy destroyed by English

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Growing Political Power Virginias House of
Burgesses1619

• First law making body- guaranteed rights to
  citizens, representative government, control over
  finances, militia
• High death rates ensured rapid turnover of
  members
• King James was concerned about the law making
  body and tobacco, became a royal colony in 1624.
  (He hated tobacco)

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Southern Colonies

• Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system
  - Need for cheap, abundant labor.
• Indentured Servants -5-7 years.
• Promised freedom dues land,
• Forbidden to marry.
• 1610-1614 only 1 in 10 outlived their
  indentured contracts!
• Head-right System Virginian got 50 acres for
  each person whose passage they paid.
• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619.
• Their status was not clear ? perhaps slaves,
  perhaps indentured servants.
• Slavery not that important until the end of the
  17c

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Origins of Slavery

• Dutch traders
• 1650 400 African laborers in Va
• 1660s Va House of Burgesses discrimination
  laws and life-long slavery
• 1750 ½ Va and 2/3 SC
• Increased demand due to decreased migration,
  cheap labor, slave laws
• Triangle trade Middle Passage

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Southern Colonies - Chesapeake

• Virginia
• Bacons Rebellion 1676 royal Governor
  (Berkeley) did not help defend backwoods farmers
  from Native-Americans, Bacon and rebels burned
  Jamestown
• revealed social class tensions within the
  colonies
• Colonial resistance to royal control
• Maryland (1632) Lord Baltimore, proprietary
  colony
• (Act of Toleration) protected Catholics and
  granted religious freedom to all Christians,
  later repealed
• Georgia (1732) James Oglethorpe, proprietary
  colony, defensive buffer from Spanish Florida and
  haven for English debtors

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New EnglandPlymouth, Massachusetts - 1620

• Puritans wanted to purify Church of England
• Separatists upset with corruption in the
  English Church
• Mayflower Compact travelers signed and agreed
  to majority rule
• Assisted by local Native-Americans including
  Squanto
• Less contact with Natives than in south due to
  plague that had wiped out Natives living in that
  area
• King Philips War (1675 1676) Wampanoag
  Indians, ended Native resistance in New England

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New England Massachusetts Bay

• Established by Congregationalists
• 1629-1642 Great Puritan Migration led by
  John Winthrop The City upon a Hill, covenant
  with God
• Many who settled in New England escaped
  religious persecution tolerant?
• Roger Williams banished, went to RI
• Anne Hutchinson banished, antinomianism
• Salem Witch Trials (1692)

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First Great Awakening1730s 1740sGeorge
Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards attempted to
bring back religious fervor, preached
emotionalism and spirituality, response to the
rationalism of the Enlightenment
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Chesapeake vs. New England

• Chesapeake
• immigrants often single males
• Cash crops, plantation economy
• Swampy, hot, humid
• Spread-out farming communities
• New England
• -Entire families emigrated to New England
• -small farms, fishing, lumber
• -healthier climate, lived longer, larger families
• -larger towns, lived closer to one another

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Culture and economy

• New England fishing, logging, ship building,
  rum distillers
• Middle Small farms, wheat and corn
• Southern plantation owners rice and indigo

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Middle Colonies

• NY Dutch influence New Netherlands, large
  segment of population
• PA Penn and The Holy Experiment, Quakers
  religious freedom and civil liberties, pacifists,
  fair treatment of Native Americans
• NJ land offers, religious freedom and assembly
• Delaware created out of Pennsylvania

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Colonial Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

• Social Structure 90 lived on farms
• 1. Family
• Males unlimited power in household
• females divorce rare, limited legal and
  political rights

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The American Mind

• Architecture (Georgian)
• Painting West and Copley, artists were trained
  in Europe, portraits
• Literature Mainly religious
• Exceptions - Franklins Poor Richards Almanac
  and Phillis Wheatley (Former slave and poet)
• Bartram - botanist

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Political Institutions

• 1. Plymouth Mayflower Compact, majority rule,
  self government, written laws
• 2. Jamestown House of Burgesses
• 3. Massachusetts all free men, members of
  Puritan Church
• 4. limited nature?
• 5. Zenger case Freedom of press criticized
  royal governor violated English law jury
  acquitted Zenger because he was telling the truth

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Quick Quiz

• 1. What was the first permanent English
  settlement?
• 2. What colony was founded by Oglethorpe and was
  considered a buffer colony?
• 3. Identify two Great Awakening ministers.
• 4. Identify the founder of Rhode Island who was
  banished by the Puritans.
• 5. Which colonial court case established freedom
  of the press?

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Activity

• 1. Use two events from the colonial era to
  describe conflicts that took place in colonial
  America.
• 2. Use two events from the colonial era that
  exhibit the freedom American colonists had.
• 3. Use two events from the colonial era that show
  the diversity that existed within the American
  colonies.

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Essay Question

• Compare and Contrast the culture and economy of
  the southern colonies with that of the New
  England colonies.