S?es?a?? ???e

1
7

• S?es?a?? ???eß?a ?a?
• S?es?a??? ????sµ??

• S?es?a?? ???eß?a
• S?es?a??? ????sµ??

2

7.1 S?es?a?? ???eß?a
S?es?a?? ???eß?a (1)
????e? ??a s????? p???e?? p?? efa?µ????ta? e?te
se µ?a e?te se pe??ss?te?e? s??se??. ???ad?a?a
(p???? p?? efa?µ??eta? se µ?a s??s?) ??ad???
(p???? p?? efa?µ??eta? se d?? s??se??) ?p?st??f???
µ?a s??s?
3

7.1 S?es?a?? ???eß?a
?a??de??µa (1)
4

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?as???? p???e?? t?? s?es?a??? ???eß?a?
5

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?p????? (Select)

• ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a t?? ep????? p?e??d?? p??
  ??a??p????? µ?a ?????? s??????.

6

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?p????? (Select) pa?ade??µata

• 1. ?a st???e?a t?? s??d??µ?t? ?p?? ??d???? 12.
• 2. ?? ???st???? pe?????? p?? ????? ????te???? ap?
  5 s??d??µ?t?? ? pe??ss?te???? ap? 50.

7

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
???ß??? (Project)

• ?p????µe ?a ap?µ???s??µe s???e???µ??e? st??e?
  (?a?a?t???st???) e??? p??a?a.
• ?.?. T????µe ta ?a?a?t???st??? ???µa ?a? t???f???
  ??a ??e? t?? ??aµµ?? t?? p??a?a S??d??µ?t??.

8

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
???ß??? (Project) pa?ade??µata

• T????µe t? ???µa ?a? t? t???f??? t?? S??d??µ?t??
  t?? ?p???? ? ??d???? e??a? µe?a??te??? ap? 20.
• ?pa???f? d?p??t?p??

9

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?a?tes?a?? G???µe?? (Cartesian Product) (1)

• ?fa?µ??eta? se d?? p??a?e?. ?? ap?t??esµa t??
  ?a?tes?a??? ????µ???? e??a? ???? ?? d??at??
  s??d?asµ?? ??aµµ?? t?? d?? p??????.

10

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?a?tes?a?? G???µe?? (Cartesian Product) (2)
11

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?a?tes?a?? G???µe?? (Cartesian Product) (3)

• ?.?. T????µe ?a p??sd????s??µe ????? t???
  d??at??? s??d?asµ??? µeta?? s??d??µ?t?? ?a?
  ???st???? pe??????. ? te????? p??a?a? p?? ?a
  p?????e? ?a ??e? ?? ?a?a?t???st??? ta ??e?d?? t??
  p??????, ???µa t?? s??d??µ?t? ?a? t?? t?t?? t??
  ???st???? pe??????.

12

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
?et???µas?a (Rename)
? p???? t?? µet???µas?a? d????eta? µe t? s?µß???
? ?a? pa???e? ?? ???sµa µ?a ??f?as? s?es?a???
???eß?a?. ? p???? s??a?t?ta? se d?? µ??f?? a) ?
? (E) ?p?? ? ??f?as? E ep?st??feta? µe ???µa ?,
?a? ß) ? ?(a,ß,?) (E) ?p?? ? ??f?as? E
ep?st??feta? µe ???µa ? ?a? ta ?a?a?t???st???
???µat????ta? a, ß ?a? ? a?t?st????? (µp??e? ?a
?p?????? pe??ss?te?a ?a?a?t???st???).
13

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
???s? (Union)

• ? ???s? d?? p?????? s?µß????eta? µe U ?a? ?
  pa?a??µe??? p??a?a? pe????e? t?? ??aµµ?? t?? d??
  p??????. G?a ?a ?e?t?????se? ? p???? t?? ???s??
  p??pe? ?p?sd?p?te ?a ?s????? ?? a??????e?
  p???p???se??
• ? a???µ?? t?? ?a?a?t???st???? t?? d?? p??????
  p??pe? ?a e??a? ?d???, ?a?
• ?a ped?a ???sµ?? t?? a?t?st?????
  ?a?a?t???st???? t?? d?? p?????? p??pe? ?a e??a?
  ?d?a.

14

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
???s? (Union) pa??de??µata
1) ??d?afe??µaste ??a t?? ???st???? pe?????? t??
?p???? ? a???µ?? s??d??µ?t?? e??a? µ????te??? ap?
5 ? µe?a??te??? ap? 50 2) ??d?afe??µaste ??a
ta ???µata t?? s??ed???? ?a? t?? pe???d???? p??
?p?????? ?ata????µ??a st? ?? t?? ??e?t???????
ß?ß????????
15

7.1.1 Teµe???de?? ????e??
??af??? S?????? (Set - Difference)
? p???? t?? d?af???? ???s?µ?p??e?ta? ??a ?a
ap?µ???se? t?? ??aµµ?? e??? p??a?a, ?? ?p??e? de?
a?????? se ??p???? ???? p??a?a. ? p???? e??a?
a???ß?? ?d?a µe t? d?af??? s?????? ?a?
s?µß????eta? µe t? s?µa t?? afa??es?? -
16

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
??µ? ??????? (Intersection)

• .

17

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
F?s??? S??des? (Natural Join)
18

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
F?s??? S??des? (Natural Join)
19

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
S??des? ? (? - Join)
20

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
???te???? S??des? (Outer Join)
21

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
?µ?s??des? (Semijoin)
22

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
??????s? (Assignment)
? p???? t?? e?????s?? ep?t??pe? t? ???s?
µetaß??t?? ??a t?? ap????e?s? t?? e?d??µes??
ap?te?esµ?t?? t?? p???e??. ?? µetaß??t?? µp?????
?a ???s?µ?p??????? ?? ???sµata se ep?µe?e?
p???e??. ?st? ?t? ??t??µe t?? ??aµµ?? t?? p??a?a
??a?t??? S??ed???? ?? ?p??e? ??a??p????? t?
s?????? ???a????da ?a? ?µe??µ???agt1/1/2000.
23

7.1.2 ???e? ????e??
??a??es? (Division)
24

7.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ??

• ? s?es?a??? ????sµ??(relational calculus) e??a?
  µ?a ???ssa p?? µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? sa?
  e?a??a?t??? ??s? t?? s?es?a??? ???eß?a?.
• ??e? ap?de???e? ?t? ?? d?? ???sse? e??a?
  ?s?d??aµe?.
• ??? e?a??a?t???? µ??f??
• S?es?a??? ????sµ?? p?e??d??
• S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ped???

25

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
??a e??t?µa st? s?es?a?? ???sµ? p?e??d??
e?f???eta? ??

• ? ???e µetaß??t? st? ?????? ??f?as?
  ?(t)a?af??eta? se p?e??de? p??????.
• ?etaß??t? e??a? e?e??e?? ? desµe?µ???

26

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
??a ??f?as? s?es?a??? ????sµ?? apa?t??eta? ap?
at?µ???? µ???de? ?? ?p??e? µp??e? ?a e??a?
27

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
28

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
G?a t?? e?f??se?? s?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?s????? ??
e??? ta?t?t?te?
29

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
?a?ade??µata e??t?µ?t?? (1)
1. ?a ß?e???? ?? ???st???? pe?????? p?? ?????
t??????st?? ??a s??d??µ?t?.
30

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
?a?ade??µata e??t?µ?t?? (2)
2. ?a ß?e???? ta ????a p?? ????? d?µ?s?e??e? st?
s???d??? µe ??d??? 1 ? st? s???d??? µe ??d??? 2.
3. ?a ß?e???? ta ????a p?? ????? d?µ?s?e??e?
?a? se pe???d??? ?a? se p?a?t??? s??ed????.
31

7.2.1 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e??d??
?a?ade??µata e??t?µ?t?? (3)
4. ?a ß?e???? ?? s??d??µ?t?? p?? ????? s??d??µ?
st? ???st??? pe????? ??se?? ?ed?µ???? ? st?
???st??? pe????? ?ßa?t??? F?s???. ?p?? t,
s, u µetaß??t?? p?e??da? ??a t??? p??a?e?
S??d??µ?t??, G??st???_?e?????, S??d??µ?
a?t?st?????.
32

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
Se a?t??es? µe t? s?es?a?? ????sµ? p?e??d?? ?
s?es?a??? ????sµ?? ped??? ???s?µ?p??e? µetaß??t??
ped??? ?? ?p??e? pa?????? t?µ?? ap? ??a
s???e???µ??? ped?? ???sµ??. ??a e??t?µa
e?f???eta? ?? e???.
33

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
34

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
35

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
?a?ade??µata (1)

• ?a ß?e???? ?? ???st???? pe?????? p??
  ?????t??????st?? ??a s??d??µ?t?.
• ?p?? a, b, c µetaß??t?? ped??? ?? ?p??e?
  ?aµß????? t?µ?? ap? ta ped?a ???sµ?? t??
  ?a?a?t???st???? ??d????, t?t??? ?a?
  a???µ??_s??d??µ?t?? a?t?st?????.

36

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
?a?ade??µata (2)
2. ?a ß?e???? ta ????a p?? ????? d?µ?s?e??e? st?
s???d??? µe ??d??? 1 ? st? s???d??? µe ??d???
2. ?st? ?1, ... , ?12 µetaß??t?? ped??? ??
?p??e? ?aµß????? t?µ?? ap? ta ped?a ???sµ?? t??
?a?a?t???st???? t?? s??s?? ????? µe t? se??? p??
a?a???f??ta? st? s??µa t?? s??s?? (?1??d????,
?2t?t??? ??p)
37

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
?a?ade??µata (3)
3. ?a ß?e???? ta ????a p?? ????? d?µ?s?e??e? ?a?
se pe???d??? ?a? se p?a?t??? s??ed????. ?st? ?1,
... , ?12 µetaß??t?? ped??? ?? ?p??e? ?aµß?????
t?µ?? ap? ta ped?a ???sµ?? t?? ?a?a?t???st????
t?? s??s?? ????? µe t? se??? p?? a?a???f??ta?
st? s??µa t?? s??s?? (?1??d????, ?2t?t??? ??p)
38

7.2.2 S?es?a??? ????sµ?? ?ed???
?a?ade??µata (4)
4. ?a ß?e???? ?? s??d??µ?t?? p?? ????? s??d??µ?t?
st? ???st??? pe????? ??se?? ?ed?µ???? ? st?
???st??? ?e????? ?ßa?t??? F?s???.
39

?a?ade??µata
40

?a?ade??µata
41

?a?ade??µata
42

S?????

• ? s?es?a?? ???eß?a ?a? ? s?es?a??? ????sµ??
  ap?te???? ?s???? µa??µat??? e??a?e?a µe ta ?p??a
  µp????µe ?a e?te???µe p???e?? se ??a s?????
  s??se??.
• ? s?es?a?? ???eß?a ????e? ??a s????? p???e?? p??
  efa?µ????ta? se µ?a ? pe??ss?te?e? s??se??.
• ?? ?eµe???de?? p????? t?? s?es?a??? ???eß?a?
  e??a? ?? ep?????, p??ß???, ?a?tes?a?? ????µe??,
  µet???µas?a, ???s? ?a? d?af???. Ost?s?, ??????ta?
  ?a? ep?p???? p???e?? p?? e??a? ?? t?µ?, f?s???
  s??des?, s??des? ?, a??ste?? e??te???? s??des?,
  de??? e??te???? s??des?, a??ste?? ?µ?s??des?,
  de??? ?µ?s??des? ?a? e?????s?.
• ? s?es?a??? ????sµ?? ap?te?e? µ?a ???ssa p??
  µp??e? ?a ???s?µ?p????e? e?a??a?t??? t??
  s?es?a??? ???eß?a?. ??e? ap?de???e? ?t? ?? d??
  ???sse? e??a? ?s?d??aµe?, µe t?? ?????a ?t? ta
  e??t?µata p?? apa?t??ta? ap? t?? p??t? ???ssa
  µp????? ?a apa?t????? ?a? µe t? de?te??, ?a?
  a?t?st??f??.
• ? s?es?a??? ????sµ?? ??e? d?? µ??f?? a)
  s?es?a??? ????sµ?? p?e??d?? ?a? ß) s?es?a???
  ????sµ?? ped???.