What

1
Whats the Matter?
Interest Grabber
Section 2-1

• All of the materials around you are made up of
  matter. You are made up of matter, as are the
  chair you sit on and the air you breathe.
• 1. Give an example of solid matter.
• 2. Give an example of liquid matter.
• 3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
• 4. Is all matter visible?
• 5. Does all matter take up space?

2
Section Outline
Section 2-1

• 21 The Nature of Matter
• A. Atoms
• B. Elements and Isotopes
• 1. Isotopes
• 2. Radioactive Isotopes
• C. Chemical Compounds
• D. Chemical Bonds
• 1. Ionic Bonds
• 2. Covalent Bonds
• 3. Van der Waals Forces

3
An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
6
C
Carbon
12.011
4
Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
Section 2-1
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons
5
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
6
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
7
Water, Water Everywhere
Interest Grabber
Section 2-2

• If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from
  space, you know that much of the planet is
  covered by water. Water makes life on Earth
  possible. If life as we know it exists on some
  other planet, water must be present to support
  that life.

8
Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-2

• 1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten
  things that have water
• in them.
• 2. Exchange your list for the list of another
  pair of students. Did your lists contain some of
  the same things? Did anything on the other list
  surprise you?
• 3. Did either list contain any living things?

9
Section Outline
Section 2-2

• 22 Properties of Water
• A. The Water Molecule
• 1. Polarity
• 2. Hydrogen Bonds
• B. Solutions and Suspensions
• 1. Solutions
• 2. Suspensions
• C. Acids, Bases, and pH
• 1. The pH Scale
• 2. Acids
• 3. Bases
• 4. Buffers

10
pH Scale
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
11
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
12
Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
13
Lifes Backbone
Interest Grabber
Section 2-3

• Most of the compounds that make up living things
  contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the
  basic structure, or backbone, of these
  compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons
  in its outer energy level, which makes it
  possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds
  with other atoms.
• As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A
  huge number of different carbon compounds exist.
  Each compound has a different structure. For
  example, carbon chains can be straight or
  branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be
  attached to the carbon chain.

14
Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3

• 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least
  ten things that contain carbon.
• 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If
  you think some things on your list contain only
  carbon, write only carbon next to them.
• 3. If you know other elements that are in any
  items on your list, write those elements next to
  them.

15
Section Outline
Section 2-3

• 23 Carbon Compounds
• A. The Chemistry of Carbon
• B. Macromolecules
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Lipids
• E. Nucleic Acids
• F. Proteins

16
Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
17
Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
18
Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
19
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
20
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
21
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
22
Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino acids
23
Matter and Energy
Interest Grabber
Section 2-4

• Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched
  flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of
  wood is a chemical reactiona process that
  changes one set of chemicals into another set of
  chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves
  changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in
  compounds. The elements or compounds that enter
  into a chemical reaction are called reactants.
  The elements or compounds produced by a chemical
  reaction are called products. As wood burns,
  molecules of cellulose are broken down and
  combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
  water vapor, and energy is released.

24
Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-4

• 1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
• 2. What are the products when wood burns?
• 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood
  burns?
• 4. Wood doesnt burn all by itself. What must you
  do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms
  of energy?
• 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning.
  Why dont you need to keep restarting the fire?

25
Section Outline
Section 2-4

• 24 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• A. Chemical Reactions
• B. Energy in Reactions
• 1. Energy Changes
• 2. Activation Energy
• C. Enzymes
• D. Enzyme Action
• 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

26
Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway without enzyme
Activation energy without enzyme
Activation energy with enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway with enzyme
Products
27
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
28
Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
29
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
30
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
31
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
32
Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
33
Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
• Atomic Structure
• Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Enzymatic Reactions

34
Video 1
Video 1
Atomic Structure

• Click the image to play the video segment.

35
Video 2
Video 2
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
36
Video 3
Video 3
Covalent Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
37
Video 4
Video 4
Enzymatic Reactions
Click the image to play the video segment.
38
Internet
Go Online

• Career links on forensic scientists
• Interactive test
• Articles on organic chemistry
• For links on properties of water, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-1022.
• For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and
  enter the Web Code as follows cbn-1024.