The History

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UNIT IV Chapter 12 The History Of
Life
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UNIT 4 EVOLUTION Chapter 12 The History of
Life   I. The Fossil Record (12.1)   A. Fossils
can form in several ways
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1. Permineralization- minerals carried by water
are deposited around or replace the hard
structure  
Petrified wood
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2. Natural casts- form when flowing water removes
all of original bones, leaving impression in
sediment. Minerals fill in the mold  
Archaeopteryx
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3. Trace fossils- record activity of organism.
Include nests, burrows, imprints of leaves, and
footprints
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4. Amber-preserved fossils- organisms trapped in
tree resin that hardens into amber  
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5. Preserved remains- form when entire organism
becomes encased in material such as ice, volcanic
ash, or immersed in bogs.  
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B. Most fossils form in sedimentary rock
1. Most common fossils result from
permineralization 2. Best environments for
fossilization include wetlands, bogs, rivers,
lakebeds, and floodplains
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C. Only 1 percentage of living things become
fossils  
Why are so few complete fossils discovered?
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How to get into the fossil record
Organism Dies
Destroyed
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b. Determining Earths Age   1). Use decay of
uranium to determine age (long half-life)   2).
Earths age about 4.5 billion years  
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 II. The Geologic Time Scale (12.2)   A. Index
fossils are another tool to determine the age of
rock layers.
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1. Index fossils- organisms that existed only
during specific spans of time over large
geographic area 2. Estimate age of rock layers by
fossils they contain
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B. The geologic time scale organizes Earths
history   1. Geologic time scale- representation
of the history of Earth
a. Organizes by major changes or events b. Uses
evidence from fossil and geologic records
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2. Divided into three basic units of time a.
Eras- lasts tens to hundreds of millions of
years. 1). Separated by periods of mass
extinction b. Periods- most common used
units. Lasts tens of millions of years c.
Epochs-smallest units  
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V. Radiation of Multicellular Life (12.5) A. One
of most important transitions in history of
life
1. First appeared during Paleozoic era (544
million years ago)
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2. Huge diversity of animal species evolved
a. At first all life was found in ocean  b.
Eventually life moved onto land c. Dead remains
of organisms from this era changed into coal and
petroleum
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3. Paleozoic Era ended with mass extinction
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B. Reptiles radiated during the Mesozoic era. 1.
Age of reptiles 2. First mammals appeared 3.
Era ended with mass extinction caused by
meteorite impact
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C. Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic era  
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What proportion of all species that ever lived
has become extinct? a. less than 1
percent b. approximate one-half c. more than 99
percent d. It is impossible to estimate.
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What proportion of all species that ever lived
has become extinct? a. less than 1
percent b. approximate one-half c. more than 99
percent d. It is impossible to estimate.
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Most fossils form in a. peat bogs. b. tar
pits. c. sedimentary rock. d. the sap of
ancient trees.
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Most fossils form in a. peat bogs. b. tar
pits. c. sedimentary rock. d. the sap of
ancient trees.
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The length of time required for half of the
radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is
its a. half-life. b. relative date. c. radioacti
ve date. d. none of the above
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The length of time required for half of the
radioactive atoms in a sample to decay is
its a. half-life. b. relative date. c. radioacti
ve date. d. none of the above
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How would you date a sample of rock that you
suspect as being one of the earliest on
Earth? a. Use a radioactive isotope with a short
half-life. b. Use a radioactive isotope with a
long half-life. c. Use an index fossil. d. It
is impossible to date very early rocks.
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How would you date a sample of rock that you
suspect as being one of the earliest on
Earth? a. Use a radioactive isotope with a short
half-life. b. Use a radioactive isotope with a
long half-life. c. Use an index fossil. d. It
is impossible to date very early rocks.
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The levels of division of the geologic time
scale, from smallest to largest are a. eras,
periods, and epochs. b. epochs, periods, and
eras. c. periods, eras, and epochs. d. periods,
epochs, and eras.
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The levels of division of the geologic time
scale, from smallest to largest are a. eras,
periods, and epochs. b. epochs, periods, and
eras. c. periods, eras, and epochs. d. periods,
epochs, and eras.
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The Mesozoic is often called the Age
of a. Invertebrates. b. Vertebrates. c. Dinosaur
s. d. Mammals.
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The Mesozoic is often called the Age
of a. Invertebrates. b. Vertebrates. c. Dinosaur
s. d. Mammals.
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Earth's most recent era is the a. Paleozoic. b. M
esozoic. c. Cenozoic. d. Precambrian.
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Earth's most recent era is the a. Paleozoic. b. M
esozoic. c. Cenozoic. d. Precambrian.
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Why did oceans not exist on Earth nearly 4
billion years ago? a. No water was
present. b. Water remained a gas because Earth
was very hot. c. Water existed as ice because
Earth was very cold. d. none of the above
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Why did oceans not exist on Earth nearly 4
billion years ago? a. No water was
present. b. Water remained a gas because Earth
was very hot. c. Water existed as ice because
Earth was very cold. d. none of the above
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Miller and Urey's experiments attempted to
simulate the conditions a. of Earth's early
seas. b. of Earth's early atmosphere. c. of
Earth before liquid water existed. d. deep
inside Earth.
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Miller and Urey's experiments attempted to
simulate the conditions a. of Earth's early
seas. b. of Earth's early atmosphere. c. of
Earth before liquid water existed. d. deep
inside Earth.
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A necessary condition for the evolution of life
on Earth was a. the existence of DNA. b. free
oxygen. c. the formation of the ozone
layer. d. liquid water.
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A necessary condition for the evolution of life
on Earth was a. the existence of DNA. b. free
oxygen. c. the formation of the ozone
layer. d. liquid water.
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What do proteinoid microspheres have in common
with cells? a. They can store and release
energy. b. They contain DNA. c. They contain
RNA. d. They are communities of organisms.
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What do proteinoid microspheres have in common
with cells? a. They can store and release
energy. b. They contain DNA. c. They contain
RNA. d. They are communities of organisms.
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The endosymbiont theory proposes that eukaryotic
cells arose from a. single prokaryotic
cells. b. multicellular prokaryotes. c. communit
ies of prokaryotes inside a larger
cell. d. communities of eukaryotes inside a
larger cell.
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The endosymbiont theory proposes that eukaryotic
cells arose from a. single prokaryotic
cells. b. multicellular prokaryotes. c. communit
ies of prokaryotes inside a larger
cell. d. communities of eukaryotes inside a
larger cell.
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What was the response of various groups of early
organisms when oxygen levels rose in the
atmosphere? a. extinction b. a move into airless
habitats c. the evolution of metabolic pathways
that used oxygen for respiration d. all of the
above
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What was the response of various groups of early
organisms when oxygen levels rose in the
atmosphere? a. extinction b. a move into airless
habitats c. the evolution of metabolic pathways
that used oxygen for respiration d. all of the
above
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The first organisms were a. prokaryotes. b. eukar
yotes. c. proteinoid microspheres. d. microfossi
ls
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The first organisms were a. prokaryotes. b. eukar
yotes. c. proteinoid microspheres. d. microfossi
ls
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A very large mass extinction occurred at the end
of the a. Precambrian. b. Cambrian
Period. c. Paleozoic Era d. Quaternary Period.
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A very large mass extinction occurred at the end
of the a. Precambrian. b. Cambrian
Period. c. Paleozoic Era d. Quaternary Period.
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The process by which two species evolve in
response to each other, for example, a flower
having a structure compatible with the body
structure of its pollinator, is an example
of a. convergent evolution. b. adaptive
radiation. c. coevolution. d. punctuated
equilibrium.
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The process by which two species evolve in
response to each other, for example, a flower
having a structure compatible with the body
structure of its pollinator, is an example
of a. convergent evolution. b. adaptive
radiation. c. coevolution. d. punctuated
equilibrium.
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A mass extinction would encourage the rapid
evolution of surviving species a. by changing
developmental genes. b. by opening ecological
niches. c. because it killed all organisms that
had coevolved. d. because it spared all
organisms that had evolved convergently.
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A mass extinction would encourage the rapid
evolution of surviving species a. by changing
developmental genes. b. by opening ecological
niches. c. because it killed all organisms that
had coevolved. d. because it spared all
organisms that had evolved convergently.
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A single species that has evolved into several
different forms that live in different ways has
undergone a. adaptive radiation. b. coevolution.
c. punctuated equilibrium. d. mass extinction.
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A single species that has evolved into several
different forms that live in different ways has
undergone a. adaptive radiation. b. coevolution.
c. punctuated equilibrium. d. mass extinction.
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Two patterns of macroevolution that involve very
rapid response to environmental pressures
are a. convergent evolution and changes in
developmental genes. b. coevolution and
convergent evolution. c. adaptive radiation and
changes in developmental genes. d. punctuated
equilibrium and mass extinction.
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Two patterns of macroevolution that involve very
rapid response to environmental pressures
are a. convergent evolution and changes in
developmental genes. b. coevolution and
convergent evolution. c. adaptive radiation and
changes in developmental genes. d. punctuated
equilibrium and mass extinction.