HIP%20Joint

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HIP Joint
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• The hip joint is the articulation between the
  femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis and its
  primary function is to support the weight of the
  body in both static (e.g. standing) and dynamic
  (e.g. walking or running) postures

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• Seven different kinds of movements are possible
  in the hip joint
• Flexion and extension
• Abduction and adduction
• Internal (medial) and external (lateral) rotation
  
• Circumduction
• A synovial joint that can produce movement in
  more than one axis is called a multiaxial joint

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• The large head of the femur is completely covered
  in hyaline cartilage except for a small area
  called the fovea or pit. This is the site of
  attachment for an intracapsular ligament
  ligament of head of femur that attaches
  directly from the head of the femur to the
  acetabulum.
• There is also a small ligament called ligamentum
  teres or the ligament of the head of the femur.
  This structure is not that important as a
  ligament but can often be vitally important as a
  conduit of a small artery to the head of the
  femur. This arterial branch is not present in
  everyone but can become the only blood supply to
  the bone in the head of the femur when the neck
  of the femur is fractured or disrupted by injury
  in childhood.

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Ligaments

• At the front of the joint, the strong iliofemoral
  ligament attaches from the pelvis to femur. This
  Y-shaped ligament is also known as the ligament
  of Bigelow. This ligament seeks to resist
  excessive extension of the hip joint. It is often
  considered to be the strongest ligament in the
  human body.
• The pubofemoral ligament attaches across the
  front of the joint from the pubis bone of the
  pelvis to the femur. This ligament is orientated
  more inferiorly than the iliofemoral ligament and
  reinforces the inferior part of the hip joint
  capsule. It also blends with the medial parts of
  the iliofemoral ligamemt.
• The posterior of the hip joint capsule is
  reinforced by the ischiofemoral ligament that
  attaches from the ischial part of the acetabular
  rim to the femur.

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LabrumThough not actually a ligament, the
acetabular labrum (latin for lip) contributes
to the stability of the hip joint by encompassing
more than half of the femoral head. Together with
the transverse acetabular ligament, it creates a
deep spherical "cup".
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Muscles producing movements at the hip joint

• The 17 muscles that cause movement in the hip can
  be divided into four groups according to their
  orientation around the hip joint the gluteal
  group, the lateral rotator group, the adductor
  group, and the iliopsoas group. These muscles
  produce flexion, extension, lateral rotation,
  medial rotation, abduction and adduction.
• Many of the hip muscles are responsible for more
  than one type of movement in the hip, as
  different areas of the muscle act on tendons in
  different ways.

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Gluteal group

• The gluteal muscles include the gluteus
  maximus, medius minimus, and tensor fasciae
  latae. They cover the lateral surface of the
  ilium.
• The gluteus maximus, which forms most of the
  muscle of the buttock, originates primarily on
  the ilium and sacrum and inserts on the gluteal
  tuberosity of the femur as well as the iliotibial
  tract, a strong fibrous tissue that runs along
  the lateral thigh to the tibia fibula.
• The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus originate
  anterior to the gluteus maximus on the ilium and
  both insert on the greater trochanter of the
  femur.
• The tensor fasciae latae shares its insertion
  with the gluteus maximus at the ilium and also
  shares the insertion at the iliotibial tract.

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Adductor group

• The adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor
  magnus, pectineus, and gracilis make up the
  adductor group. The adductors all orginate on the
  pubis and insert on the medial, posterior surface
  of the femur, with the exception of the gracilis
  which inserts just below the medial condyle of
  the tibia.

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Iliopsoas group

• The iliacus and psoas major comprise the
  iliopsoas group. The iliopsoas is a large muscle
  that runs from the transverse processes of the
  T-12 to L-5 vertebrae, joins with the iliacus via
  its tendon, and connects to the lesser trochanter
  of the femur. The iliacus originates on the iliac
  fossa of the ilium. Together these muscles are
  commonly referred to as the "iliopsoas".

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Lateral rotator group

• This group consists of the externus and internus
  obturators, the piriformis, the superior and
  inferior gemelli, and the quadratus femoris.
  These six originate at or below the acetabulum of
  the ilium and insert on or near the greater
  trochanter of the femur.

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