Personal Needs and Development across Lifespan

1
Personal Needs and Development across Lifespan
Enriching Knowledge for the Health Management and
Social Care Curriculum Series (9) Individual
Health and Well-being (Compulsory Part)
(Refreshed) 27 Jan 2015

• Booklet(1)

2
Curriculum Framework
3
Round-upBooklet(13) Health and Social Care
Policies
4
Learning Targets
5
Learning Targets
6
Key Questions
Booklet(5) Social Well-being
Booklet (4) Mental Well-being
7
Scenario

• Gordon is a primary 2 student. Gordon spends
  around 3 hours every day on computer games after
  school, and is often not able to complete his
  homework before midnight. Sometimes his mother
  will help him complete his homework, despite she
  is not happy with his behavior.

8
1. Physical growth and development

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1C Transitions and changes in the course of the
  lifespan
• 1C1 - 1. The various stages of lifeinfancy,
  childhood, adolescence, adulthood and elderly
• To recognise the lifespan perspectives on human
  development and the important features at
  different stages of life

9
1.1Physical Growth and Development Features
Important features
10
Personal Growth and Development
Stages Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Physical development
Intellectual development
Social development
Emotional development
11
Personal Growth and Development
Stages Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Physical development
Intellectual development
Social development
Emotional development
Sequence of growth / development
Different features of a life stage
12
Physical Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Physical development The senses are developed early at the fetal stage of prenatal development. Physical growth in the first year is the marked by quickly gaining in body height and weight. The upper part of the body grows faster than the other parts. A child is expected to learn to control his/her body and its movements. Assimilation in metabolism is greater than alienation need for sufficient intake of nutrients for rapid growth and development Control body movement and develop better balance / muscle grows with better coordination Improper sitting, standing or walking postures can cause scoliosis, humpback and other skeletal deformities Rapid growth of the skeletal and muscular systems caused by hormonal activities Secondary sexual characteristics and maturity of the reproductive organs as a result of increased hormone production Girls show puberty signs earlier while boys last longer 20 to 30 is the golden period as the body systems and conditions (e.g. physical functioning, brain and body coordination, reproductive organs) are the fittest? By the age of 40, there are signs of decline of metabolism and deteriorating body functions Menopause are typical for women who are in the age range of 45 to 55 years old. Deterioration of body systems leading to higher risks of chronic diseases Signs of deterioration in terms of vision, hearing, smell and taste, eye-hand coordination and the like Changes in appearancewrinkles, grey hair Poor balance due to weak muscles leading to risk of fall Being harder for the body to keep warm
13
Intellectual Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Intellectual development Language development from single words to combined words, simple questions and short sentences Babies understand the world through senses and motor actions. They think that objects do not exist if they do not see them. By the end of infancy, a child learn that the objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Able to use simple reasoning to figure out how things work and why things happen Able to work out logical problems only if concrete examples are given / only able to understand familiar situations or concrete examples Imaginative and more able to understand abstract ideas Develop problem solving skills like adults Need to learn decision making skills Wisdom accumulated through plenty of experience. Some elderly may become less able at solving problems and coping with intellectual challenges due to their deteriorating health Elderly with good health often retain their mental abilities and are able to make sensible decisions and judgements.
14
Emotional Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Emotional development Need to develop sense of security Become depressed or frustrated when being separated from parents or care givers if they lack sense of security Do not know how to explain their own feelings and emotions as their language and thinking abilities are not fully developed Feelings of self-worth and self-esteem feeling of being valuable to friends and family is important High emotional tension due to the influence of physical and hormonal changes Become emotionally unstable and easily aroused by self-consciousness Search for intimate and secure relationship Separation often creates severe emotional strain, stress and depression Positive attitude after retirement, spending more time with people and enjoying life Negative attitude stereotyped by others as useless or a burden of the family / negatively impact on emotion and self-esteem
15
Social Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Social development Develop attachment with family members/ care givers rely entirely on adults, usually parents or caregivers in the first 18 months unable to receive proper care or being abused negatively impacts on the ability to form other relationships later in life Develop relationships outside family Most children engage in same-sex friendship groups Friendship groups influence the individual childs values, beliefs and behavior. Peers become more influential in shaping their social values, attitudes and behaviour than family members Try to build intimate relationship Establish own social networks Choose life partners and develop into marriage and parenthood Adapt to different roles and relationships, such as being a partner, parent and an employee Able to spend more time on taking care of grandchildren and young members in the family Retirement provides them an opportunity to establish new social relationships and expand their social network Some who are disabled or have poor health condition may not be able to maintain a healthy social life Inadequate social support due to death of relatives or lost of social network
16
1.1Physical Growth and Development Theories
Piaget
Erikson
Moral
Freud
?Kohlberg
17
Physical Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Physical development The senses are developed early at the fetal stage of prenatal development. Physical growth in the first year is the marked by quickly gaining in body height and weight. The upper part of the body grows faster than the other parts. A child is expected to learn to control his/her body and its movements. Assimilation in metabolism is greater than alienation need for sufficient intake of nutrients for rapid growth and development Control body movement and develop better balance / muscle grows with better coordination Improper sitting, standing or walking postures can cause scoliosis, humpback and other skeletal deformities Rapid growth of the skeletal and muscular systems caused by hormonal activities Secondary sexual characteristics and maturity of the reproductive organs as a result of increased hormone production Girls show puberty signs earlier while boys last longer 20 to 30 is the golden period as the body systems and conditions (e.g. physical functioning, brain and body coordination, reproductive organs) are the fittest? By the age of 40, there are signs of decline of metabolism and deteriorating body functions Menopause are typical for women who are in the age range of 45 to 55 years old. Deterioration of body systems leading to higher risks of chronic diseases Signs of deterioration in terms of vision, hearing, smell and taste, eye-hand coordination and the like Changes in appearancewrinkles, grey hair Poor balance due to weak muscles leading to risk of fall Being harder for the body to keep warm
Freuds stages of psychosexual development Oral Stage Mouth is the focus of the drive for physical pleasure. For example, sucking. Anal Stage Libido becomes focused on the anus. For example, toilet training. Phallic Stage Libido becomes focused on the genitals. Identification with same-sex parents can help resolve the Oedipus Complex and Electra Complex Latency Stage Libido on genitals has been suppressed. Genital Stage Achieving mature sexual intimacy
18
Intellectual Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Intellectual development Language development from single words to combined words, simple questions and short sentences Babies understand the world through senses and motor actions. They think that objects do not exist if they do not see them. By the end of infancy, a child learn that the objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen. Able to use simple reasoning to figure out how things work and why things happen Able to work out logical problems only if concrete examples are given / only able to understand familiar situations or concrete examples Imaginative and more able to understand abstract ideas Develop problem solving skills like adults Need to learn decision making skills Wisdom accumulated through plenty of experience. Some elderly may become less able at solving problems and coping with intellectual challenges due to their deteriorating health Elderly with good health often retain their mental abilities and are able to make sensible decisions and judgements.
Piagets theory of cognitive development Sensorimotor (Aged 0-2 ) The baby understands the world through his/her sense and motor actions. Preoperational (Aged 2-7) The child can use symbols both to think and communicate Self-centered use personal views to understand and explain things Concrete operational (Aged 7-11) Begins to think logically and becomes capable of solving problems. However, these abilities are confined to things that he/she could see in daily life. They could not think through imagination of things which they have not encountered before. Formal operational (Aged 11-16) Able to manipulate ideas and think hypothetically / Able to manage a variety of what-if questions, analysis and recall of things, abstract ideas and logical thinking
19
Emotional and Social Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Emotional development Need to develop sense of security Become depressed or frustrated when being separated from parents or care givers if they lack sense of security Do not know how to explain their own feelings and emotions as their language and thinking abilities are not fully developed Feelings of self-worth and self-esteem feeling of being valuable to friends and family is important High emotional tension due to the influence of physical and hormonal changes Become emotionally unstable and easily aroused by self-consciousness Search for intimate and secure relationship Separation often creates severe emotional strain, stress and depression Positive attitude after retirement, spending more time with people and enjoying life Negative attitude stereotyped by others as useless or a burden of the family / negatively impact on emotion and self-esteem
Social development Develop attachment with family members/ care givers rely entirely on adults, usually parents or caregivers in the first 18 months unable to receive proper care or being abused negatively impacts on the ability to form other relationships later in life Develop relationships outside family Most children engage in same-sex friendship groups Friendship groups influence the individual childs values, beliefs and behavior. Peers become more influential in shaping their social values, attitudes and behaviour than family members Building intimate relationship with opposite sex Establish own social networks Choose life partners and develop into marriage and parenthood Adapt to different roles and relationships, such as being a partner, parent and an employee Able to spend more time on taking care of grandchildren and young members in the family Retirement provides them an opportunity to establish new social relationships and expand their social network Some who are disabled or have poor health condition may not be able to maintain a healthy social life Inadequate social support due to death of relatives or lost of social network
20
Emotional and Social Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Emotional development Need to develop sense of security Become depressed or frustrated when being separated from parents or care givers if they lack sense of security Do not know how to explain their own feelings and emotions as their language and thinking abilities are not fully developed Feelings of self-worth and self-esteem feeling of being valuable to friends and family is important High emotional tension due to the influence of physical and hormonal changes Become emotionally unstable and easily aroused by self-consciousness Search for intimate and secure relationship Separation often creates severe emotional strain, stress and depression Positive attitude after retirement, spending more time with people and enjoying life Negative attitude stereotyped by others as useless or a burden of the family / negatively impact on emotion and self-esteem
Social development Develop attachment with family members/ care givers rely entirely on adults, usually parents or caregivers in the first 18 months unable to receive proper care or being abused negatively impacts on the ability to form other relationships later in life Develop relationships outside family Most children engage in same-sex friendship groups Friendship groups influence the individual childs values, beliefs and behavior. Peers become more influential in shaping their social values, attitudes and behaviour than family members Building intimate relationship with opposite sex Establish own social networks Choose life partners and develop into marriage and parenthood Adapt to different roles and relationships, such as being a partner, parent and an employee Able to spend more time on taking care of grandchildren and young members in the family Retirement provides them an opportunity to establish new social relationships and expand their social network Some who are disabled or have poor health condition may not be able to maintain a healthy social life Inadequate social support due to death of relatives or lost of social network
Eriksons stages of psychosocial development Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus role confusion Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair
21
Moral Development
Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Kohlberg Pre-conventional concentrate on personal benefits and satisfying his/her own needs Pre-conventional concentrate on personal benefits and satisfying his/her own needs
Kohlberg Conventional Rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs become the basis of moral judgments, whether the group is the family or peer group. Adolescents identify themselves with others. Conventional Rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs become the basis of moral judgments, whether the group is the family or peer group. Adolescents identify themselves with others.
Kohlberg Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development (Interactive Animation) https//www.youtube.com/watch?v5czp9S4u26M Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development (Interactive Animation) https//www.youtube.com/watch?v5czp9S4u26M Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development (Interactive Animation) https//www.youtube.com/watch?v5czp9S4u26M Post-Conventional an individual makes choices and judgments based on self-chosen principles Post-Conventional an individual makes choices and judgments based on self-chosen principles
22
Scenario

• Gordon is a primary 2 student. Gordon spends
  around 3 hours every day on computer games after
  school, and is often not able to complete his
  homework before midnight. Sometimes his mother
  will help him complete his homework, despite she
  is not happy with his behavior.

According to the theory suggested by Jean Piaget,
what is Gordons current stage of cognitive
development? State TWO distinct features of this
stage of development.(3 Marks)
23
1.2 Human needs

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 - Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1C Transitions and changes in the course of the
  lifespan
• 1C7 - Special needs and care throughout the life
  cycle
• To understand the needs and care of people at
  various stages of life

24
Maslow - Hierarchy of Human Needs
25
Needs at different stages across lifespan
Examples
Need Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Physiological Needs Physical growth in the first year is the marked by quickly gaining in body height and weight. (growth) Regular checks by professionals to keep track of the pace of growth (care) Assimilation in metabolism is greater need for sufficient intake of nutrients for rapid growth and development (growth) Diets that are rich in protein and calcium are essential for rapid growth (care) Rapid growth of the skeletal and muscular systems caused by hormonal activities (growth) Balanced diets for growth needs (care) By the age of 40, there are signs of decline of metabolism and deteriorating body functions (physical) Develop healthy lifestyle i.e. healthy diets and regular aerobic exercises to prevent chronic diseases(care) Poor balance due to weak muscles leading to risk of fall (physical) Knowledge of home safety should be learnt at this stage, including getting up slowly (care)
26
Needs at different stages across lifespan
Examples
Need Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Safety If secure attachment is developed in the first year, the babies will have sense of security with their family members. (emotional) Training and seminars on parenting skills / family-friendly policies (care) Develop relationships outside family (Social) Provide group activities to develop social skills (care) Emotional tension due to the influence of physical and hormonal changes (emotional) Anger management - training and counselling (care) Adapt to new roles and relationships in family and society (social) Stress management / Learn to strike a balance between family and work (care) Deterioration in body systems results in the changing roles from care giver to being cared (social) Counselling and training to adapt the changes in physical health and the roles (care)
Love and Belongingness If secure attachment is developed in the first year, the babies will have sense of security with their family members. (emotional) Training and seminars on parenting skills / family-friendly policies (care) Enjoy social activities (social) Develop social skills such as interpersonal skills / communication skills / conflict management skills (care) Emotional tension due to the influence of physical and hormonal changes (emotional) Anger management - training and counselling (care) Establish own social networks (Social) Relationship building skills (care) Inadequate social support due to death of relatives or lost of social network (social) Activities to extend social network(care)
27
Needs at different stages across lifespan
Examples
27
Need Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Elderly
Esteem / Feeling of being valuable to friends and family (emotional) Provide help / guidance to learning (care) Becoming independent from family (social) as well as exploring and learning different values to form self concepts (emotional) Counselling and training on parenting skills how to allow and encourage adolescents to think independently and express their opinions (care) Securing economic stability for the present and future, maintaining a positive self-image, and evaluating or redesigning career options (social) Strategies in promoting mental wellness, appropriate stress management and social supporting network are essential (care) Retirement / no income - stereotyped by others as useless or a burden of the family, negatively impact on emotion and self-esteem (social) Spending more time for own hobby (care) Integrate achievements in earlier life stages and develop a sense of integrity and self-acceptance (care)
Self-actualisation / / Becoming independent from family (social) as well as exploring and learning different values to form self concepts (emotional) Counselling and training on parenting skills how to allow and encourage adolescents to think independently and express their opinions (care) Securing economic stability for the present and future, maintaining a positive self-image, and evaluating or redesigning career options (social) Strategies in promoting mental wellness, appropriate stress management and social supporting network are essential (care) Retirement / no income - stereotyped by others as useless or a burden of the family, negatively impact on emotion and self-esteem (social) Spending more time for own hobby (care) Integrate achievements in earlier life stages and develop a sense of integrity and self-acceptance (care)
28
Maslow - Hierarchy of Human Needs
Self-concept
Interpersonal Relationships
29
1.4 Interpersonal relationships (Booklet 5
Social Well-being)
29

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 4 - Promotion and Maintenance of Health and
  Social Care in the Community
• 4D Social care, healthy relationships, social
  responsibility and commitment in the family,
  community and groups
• 4D1 Healthy relationships - Positive and negative
  effects of relationships on personal development
• To respect each and every relationship

30
1.4 Self Concept

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1A Biological, social, psychological, spiritual,
  ecological and cultural perspectives and
  dimensions
• 1A4 Psychological perspectiveSelf-esteem and
  self concept

31
Self-concept 3 dimensions
How one perceives and understand oneself
How one feels and judges oneself (feeling)
A person that one would like to be
32
Self-image (How one perceives and understands
oneself)Looking-glass Self
Significant other
33
1.5Factors influencing self-concept and
interpersonal relationship

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1B Factors which influence personal development
• Family /education and schooling/Peer/community
  influence
• To explore how the family, peers, school
  education and the community influence personal
  health and development

34
Concept Socialization

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1BFactors which influence personal development
• 1B1 Family
• Family as a socializing agent and the role of
  family

35
Socialisation

• The process of inheriting and performing the
  roles (e.g. as a student / gender / occupation)
  necessary for participating in the society with
  appropriate actions and behaviours.

Significance Each stage has its own standard of
behavior, enabling people to understand and
express themselves. Through socialization, people
understand their roles and others expectations
on them in the culture they grow up.
36
Socialisation
37
ConceptParenting Style

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1BFactors which influence personal development
• 1B1 familyParenting Style

38
Impacts on Personal Development
Low Demand High Demand
Low response Neglecting Parents Neither demanding nor responsive Even actively reject and neglect their responsibilities of rearing children Children Not concerned about their own growth and development Less competent and easily give up Authoritarian Parents High levels of demand and control but relatively low levels of warmth and communication Focus on obedience provide orderly environment with a clear set of regulations / all activities of children are monitored Children High self-expectation and work hard continuously Poor in expressing themselves if being overly obedient More negative self-concepts and a stronger sense of inferiority
High response Permissive Parents Responsive but with relatively low levels of control Children More self-centered Confident in exploring their surrounding Rank low in self-regulation Authoritative Parents High levels of control and acceptance Setting clear regulations but also responding to the childs individual needs Children Better logical thinking High in self-regulation More cooperative Are achievement oriented
39
Scenario

• Gordon is a primary 2 student. Gordon spends
  around 3 hours every day on computer games after
  school, and is often not able to complete his
  homework before midnight. Sometimes his mother
  will help him complete his homework, despite she
  is not happy with his behavior.

• Name and describe the parenting styles Gordon's
  mother has adopted. Give evidence to support your
  answer.
• State ONE pros and cons of this parenting style.

40
1.6 Effects of life events on personal
development

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1C Transitions and changes in the course of the
  lifespan
• 1C4 Crucial examples of life events / experience
• To understand that transitions and changes across
  life span are inevitable

41
ConceptLife events

• life experiences or events that have positive or
  negative effects on personal development

Personal development
42
1.7 Responses to life events across lifespan

• Curriculum and Assessment Guide
• Topic 1 Personal Development, Social Care and
  Health Across the Lifespan
• 1C Transitions and changes in the course of the
  lifespan
• 1C5 Positive responses to different life events
• To develop positive attitude towards changes and
  life events
• To learn how to deal with life events that affect
  personal development and health
• To realize that real-life problems often have
  more than one solutions

43
1.7 Responses to life events across lifespan
Related Topic Booklet 4 Stress management
/maintenance of good mental health