AP TEST REVIEW PART ONE

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AP TEST REVIEWPART ONE

• Renaissance, Reformation, Religious Wars

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RENAISSANCE POLITICS

• ITALY CITY STATE SYSTEM
• Ruled by dictatorial princes
• Constant warring between states--done by
  mercenaries called condottieri
• States were Milan (Sforza), Venice, Florence
  (Medici) (cultural center), Papal States (popes),
  Naples
• Machiavelli wrote for Lorenzo de Medici (The
  Prince and Circle of Governments)

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National Monarchies

• Created by the absorption of smaller feudal
  states
• Had professional standing armies
• By 1500, the four great national monarchies were
  England, France, Spain, and Portugal.

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100 Years War (1337 - 1453)

• Caused by conflicts between England and France
  over Flanders and over French succession.
• Began when English King Edward III claimed the
  French throne and the French nobility refused to
  recognize his claim.

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100 Years War, Continued

• England invaded France and won several big
  battles. By 1360, a truce gave much of SW France
  to England.
• By 1375, the French, under Charles V, reclaimed
  all but Calais and a bit of Burgundy.

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100 Years War, Continued

• A big English victory at Agincourt in 1415 led
  Charles VI to sign the Treaty of Troyes (1420)
  which recognized English king Henry V as the
  rightful heir to the French throne. Henry died
  in 1422.
• Joan of Arcs victories eventually led to a
  French victory, and the war ended in 1453 with
  England getting only Calais.

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Results of the 100 Years War

• French sovereignty
• Strong French bureaucracy under Louis XI with
  high taxes, a strong army, and crown support of
  the merchant class.
• A rise in the power of the English parliament and
  English disillusionment with their monarchy
• The War of the Roses

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The War of the Roses (1455-1485)

• Yorks (White) vs. Lancasters (Red)
• Won by Henry VII
• Created the Tudor monarchy which lasted until the
  death of Elizabeth in 1603.
• Curtailment of the power of the nobility--the
  establishment of the court of the star chamber.

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Spain

• By the 8th Century, the Moors (Moslems) had
  conquered most of modern-day Spain.
• By the 11th Century, Spain was falling apart with
  many independent regions.
• By 1212, the Re-conquest (Reconquista) of Spain
  by the N. Christians of Aragon, Castile, and Leon
  left the Moors with only Grenada, in S. Spain.
  (El Cid, et. al)

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The Modern Spanish Nation

• 1469 Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and
  Isabella of Castile unites the regions into
  Spain.
• 1478 Inquisition began
• 1492 Columbus sent to the new world--beginning
  of Spanish conquests.
• 1492 The Moors were driven out of Spain.

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Achievements of Ferdinand and Isabella

• Limited the power of the Cortes (legislative
  Assembly) and weakened the power of the nobility
  by supporting the merchants.
• Funded exploration, bringing great wealth from
  the New World
• Monarchs appointed church officials and
  controlled religious policy.
• Tried to establish religious unity in hopes of
  also fostering political unity.

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Spanish Inquisition

• Designed to suppress the corruption of the
  Spanish clergy and root out heretics. Heretics
  were any non-Catholics, especially Moslems and
  Jews.
• Led by Cisneros and Torquemada
• Used any means necessary to subdue dissent
• Spread the inquisition to conquered territories,
  such as the Spanish Netherlands

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Effects of the Inquisition

• Expelled tens of thousands of Muslim and Jewish
  scholars and skilled traders and manufacturers.
• Many of those expelled during the inquisition
  fled to Italy and were catalysts for developments
  in the Italian renaissance.
• Their loss severely hurt Spanish development.

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Portugal

• Independence achieved in 1355.
• Active in early exploration, especially with the
  leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator.
• By 1525, Portugal had vast holdings in the New
  World (Brazil, Angola, parts of India and
  Pakistan)

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Holy Roman Empire

• The Hapsburg family 1st gained control in 1273
  with Count Rudolph of Hapsburg.
• After his death, several families vied for
  control of Central Europe.
• 1356 Golden Bull established the election of
  the Holy Roman Emperor by 7 electors.
• By 1400, the Hapsburgs maintained continuous
  control of the Austrian part of the HRE until
  1918.

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The HRE Falls Apart

• During the Protestant Reformation, the HRE split
  into over 350 separate duchies.
• The N. German princes were looking for an excuse
  to break away from the authority of the HR
  Emperor and the Pope, and used religion as a
  pretext for their developing autonomy.
• The HREs disunity remained a problem until the
  19th century.

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The Swiss Confederacy

• The 13 cantons of Switzerland broke away from the
  HRE in a series of wars in the late 1300s.
• Their independence was not officially recognized
  until the Treaty of Westphalia (1648).
• The cantons were split between Catholicism and
  Calvinism.

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The Baltic Confederation

• The Baltic Confederation was originally a set of
  independent cities located on the Baltic Sea.
• Eventually, about 80 of the small cities joined
  together to protect their commercial interests in
  the region.
• The Hanseatic League was designed to allow these
  cities to control Baltic Sea trade.

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RENAISSANCE ECONOMICS

• During the middle ages, manorialism developed due
  to the fact that money virtually disappeared from
  use in Europe and trade nearly came to a complete
  halt.
• Renaissance economic developments were dominated
  by the rise of capitalism and the disintegration
  of manorialism (feudal bargaining).

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Renaissance Capitalism

• As renaissance society became more settled, they
  began to produce surpluses and began to trade
  with other regions.
• This growth of trade led to the development of
  towns and the rise of a merchant class.
• Towns eventually became interdependent and needed
  trade to survive.
• Money again was used and barter eventually came
  to a halt.

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Reasons for the Growth of Capitalism

• Crusades increased trade
• Exploration As developing states got , they
  outfitted parties to explore and find routes to
  get to the riches in the east. This led to new
  riches, new trade routes, and new diseases, such
  as the plague.
• Gold precious metals expanded the European
  economy, fueled inflation, and put more currency
  in European economies.

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Another Reason The Growth of Towns/Merchant
Class

• Led to the eventual decline of the power of the
  nobility and the shift away from land being the
  only source of wealth and power.
• Led to the growth of trade
• Led monarchs to develop stronger armies and
  navies to protect trade and commercial interests.

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More Reasons Population Growth/Cottage
Industries

• Population growth created a pool of laborers and
  possible consumers. This growth was partially
  checked by the plague during some decades.
• Cottage Industries began to develop as the
  agricultural revolution allowed some families to
  leave the farm and concentrate on skills such as
  weaving, furniture making, etc.

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Another Reason New Techniques and Inventions

• Inventions such as the printing press, banking
  systems, bills of exchange, and double entry
  bookkeeping made transactions easier and capital
  more available. This encouraged the growth of
  trade and commerce.
• New inventions also encouraged the growth of
  cottage industries, but the majority of Europeans
  were still farmers until the late 18th century.

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Areas of Trade

• Began in the Italian city states because they
  brought goods from the East through the
  Mediterranean and sent them overland to the rest
  of Europe.
• Flanders center of cloth and woolen trade
• Hanseatic League dominated Baltic trade
• England, Netherlands, France dominated Atlantic
  trade by the 1500s.

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Results of Economic Expansion

• Decline of feudalism money economy, cash
  payment of rents, consolidation of smaller farms
• New Business Organizations partnerships,
  chartered companies, and joint stock companies
• Revival of Slavery (there was limited
  opposition to this by some church leaders)
• Growth of secularism and individualism

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RENAISSANCE CHARACTERISTICS (1350 - 1550)

• Humanism emerges to challenge traditional church
  beliefs
• interest in Greco-Roman civilization
• emphasis placed on human abilities, not on
  religious dictates
• tried to discover and copy forgotten classical
  manuscripts and tried to write in the classical
  style.

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More Characteristics

• Growth of Secularism Religious influence in
  science, economics, education, and daily life
  declined as the church became discredited due to
  the great schism, renaissance scientific
  discoveries, and the churchs refusal to accept
  change.

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More Characteristics

• The renaissance emphasized different qualities
  than the medieval period
• Individualism People saw themselves as
  individuals who could gain wealth and fame due
  to their own efforts. They began to see that
  they could think for themselves and didnt need
  the church, the guild, or the nobility to tell
  them what to do.
• Versatility good at many things (well-rounded)
• Thirst for learning
• Use of the vernacular

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THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

• The Italian Renaissance differed somewhat from
  the Renaissance in Northern Europe.
• While the Italian renaissance focused on art,
  humanism, and education, the N. European
  renaissance focused on the reformation of the
  church and the birth of Protestantism.

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Why Italy?

• Italy center of early European commercial life.
  So, Italians were constantly introduced to new
  ideas from other civilizations (esp. from the
  Moslems and the Byzantines).
• Secularism fostered by Italys favorable econ.
  situation, political cynicism fostered by the
  reality of the feuding city states, and writers
  such as Machiavelli.

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Why Italy?

• Families made wealthy by trade and political
  power wanted to become the patrons of the arts.
  Many such as the Medicis sponsored a lot of art,
  because they wanted to prove they were more
  powerful than the other wealthy families.
• Contact with past Roman glory was more immediate,
  due to Italys location.

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Literature

• Dante Divine Comedy - 1st major work in the
  vernacular
• Petrarch known as the father of humanism
  focused on the study of classical civilizations
• Machiavelli The Prince - all governments are
  flawed the ends justify the means beginning
  of realpolitik.

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More Literature

• Boccaccio Decameron 100 tales of people who
  had taken refuge in a country house in Florence
  when the plague struck. Shocking for its
  day--some stories nearly obscene.
• Castiglione Book of the Courtier This work
  provided directions on how a renaissance
  gentleman should live. Emphasized civic duty,
  versatility, and moral conduct.

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Art

• Support from secular patrons led to the
  development of some non-religious work as well as
  the religious works sponsored by the church.
• Renaissance art was more lifelike and realistic
  and used mathematical and scientific principles
  (proportion, vanishing point, etc.) chiaroscuro,
  sfumato

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Famous RenaissanceArtists Sculptors

• Artists Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel) and
  Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, the Last Supper)
  Rafael (School of Athens)
• Sculptors Donatello (David) Michelangelo
  (David)

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The Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific revolution began during the
  renaissance and challenged traditional scientific
  ideas that were held by the church, esp. those
  espoused by Aristotle.
• Scientific discoveries were fueled by the new
  attitudes and confidence in human abilities and
  in turn encouraged secularism and the church
  largely refused to accept new findings.

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Science

• Copernicus heliocentric universe overturns the
  Ptolemaic (geocentric) system. (circular orbits)
• Galileo improved the telescope supported
  Cops view. Experimented with the rate of speed
  of falling bodies (his findings were later used
  by Newton) and saw craters on the moon. Put
  under house arrest.

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Science

• Leonardo da Vinci An inventor whose ideas were
  beyond his time, he had notebooks full of
  drawings of plans for his inventions.
• William Harvey Discovered the circulation of
  blood in the human body.

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Education

• Humanists favored a liberal arts education which
  was to include geometry, arithmetic, music,
  astronomy, literature, and history.
• Humanists favored the use of the vernacular in
  education, so more merchants could be educated.

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THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE

• As trade grew and the medieval social, economic,
  and political institutions began to break down,
  the Renaissance spread northward.
• Often, the Northern European renaissance is also
  referred to as the Reformation.

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Northern Humanism

• Similar to Italian humanism in that both rejected
  medieval scholarship and valued classical
  civilizations.
• Different from Italian humanism because it placed
  more emphasis on purifying the Christian religion
  and encouraging a return to simple Christian
  piety.

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Actions of N. Humanists

• Attacked the abuses of the Catholic church.
• De-emphasized the observance of ritual as the
  core of religious life.
• Worked to produce new translations of the Bible
  from the original Hebrew and Greek texts and
  revived the study of these languages.
• Supported changes in University curriculum in
  Germany.

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Erasmus (1466-1536)

• Nicknamed Prince of the Humanists
• Dominated the intellectual thought of the N.
  renaissance
• His book, In Praise of Folly, satirized
  ignorance, superstition, and many Church
  practices.
• Criticized corruption of the church and called
  for men to lead simple Christian lives
• Published a revised edition of the New Testament.

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N. Renaissance Art

• Dominated by the Dutch Masters, such as
  Rembrandt, Breughel and Van Eyck.
• Simple art which usually depicted everyday life
  or people in society. (Nightwatch, Arnolfini
  Wedding, The Wedding Banquet)
• Protestant churches were very plain in contrast
  to the baroque styles encouraged by the Catholic
  church (Bernini, etc.).

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The Printing Press

• The most important invention of the 15th century
  was the printing press, generally credited to
  Johann Gutenberg (c. 1450).
• Printing by moveable type was cheap and greatly
  increased the circulation of books.
• Printing also increased the need for education,
  fostered the use of propaganda, and allowed
  scholars from remote areas to share ideas and
  scientific findings.

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The Protestant Reformation

• Interconnected to the Renaissance and spurred on
  by rise of the merchant/middle class, the growth
  of individualism, and more activity in Biblical
  scholarship from original texts.
• Urged a return to a stronger Christian faith
• Had distinct political overtones and reflected
  the growth of nationalism.

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Underlying Causes Religious

• Religious abuses were rampant and Catholic
  reforms were too little, too late.
• Simony sale of church offices
• Immoral behavior of the clergy
• sale of indulgences dispensations
• Index of Prohibited Books

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Underlying Causes Social and Political

• Humanism
• Many political rulers saw the Church as a foreign
  (Italian) imposition on their growing political
  control and hated the fact that the church had
  its own courts, owned much land, and was exempt
  from local taxes.
• N. German princes saw religious reform as an
  excuse to pursue nationalistic desires to break
  away from the HRE.

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Underlying Causes Economic

• Papal taxes were a hated burden on European
  nations and the rulers, the merchants, and the
  peasants all resented the payments.
• Thought they were getting very little for their
  money.
• Popes, Cardinals, and bishops lived lavishly at
  the expense of other Europeans.

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Martin Luther Lutheranism

• 1517 Luther, a monk, posted the 95 Theses on the
  door of the church in Wittenberg to protest the
  sale of indulgences and its abuse by John Tetzel.
  
• The printing press soon spread his ideas all over
  Germany.
• Justification by faith alone salvation
  achieved by faith in God rather than by doing
  good works to earn ones way to heaven or by
  the purchase of indulgences.

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Controversy and Support

• Although Luther was quickly opposed by the pope
  and other church officials, he gained support
  from many German humanists and princes who
  resented the control of the church and the HR
  emperor.
• Protected from Charles V by Frederick the Wise of
  Saxony

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More Controversy

• Charles V ordered Luther to recant at the Diet of
  Worms. He refused and was again protected by N.
  German princes.
• Luther refused to support the Peasants Uprising
  (1524-25) and alienated many peasants, calling
  for their destruction.
• Eventually married and started the Lutheran Church

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Luthers Ideas

• Separation of church and state
• Denied the Catholic Church hierarchy
• Bible is the final authority in religious matters
  (not what church officials said)
• Recognized only 2 sacraments Baptism and
  Eucharist
• Rejected Transubstantiation in favor or
  Consubstantiation.

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Religious Warfare

• 1530 council called at Augsburg by Charles V to
  reconcile Catholic and Lutheran differences.
• The Augsburg confession was the Lutheran
  position, but it was rejected by the Catholics.
• Protestants formed the Schmalkaldic League for
  protection.
• 1546 War broke out between N. Protestant states
  and the Catholic HRE.

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The Peace of Augsburg

• After a series of stalemates, the Peace of
  Augsburg was signed in 1555.
• cius regio, eius religio
• provided religious freedom only to the princes
  everyone else was forced to abide by the religion
  of the ruler.
• only Lutheranism and Catholicism were considered
  to be legal religions
• denied Calvinism
• Lutheranism soon spread all over Sweden, Norway,
  Finland, and N. Germany.

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Zwingli (1484 - 1531)

• Swiss Reformer from Zurich
• Justification by faith alone
• Bible is final authority, not the pope
• differed from Luther by saying that the Eucharist
  was entirely symbolic.
• War broke out between the 8 protestant cantons
  and the 5 catholic ones. They remained divided
  religiously, but made peace in 1531.

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John Calvin (1509 - 1564)

• Frenchman who was forced into exile in Geneva
  when his protestant ideas came into conflict with
  the catholic monarchy in France.
• Main ideas were found in his book Institutes of
  the Christian Religion.
• Founder of Calvinism, the basis of what is more
  commonly known as Puritanism.

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Calvinism

• Bible is the final authority
• Predestination God has already decided who will
  be saved (the elect) and who will not be (the
  damned).
• The elect will uphold Gods teachings and lead
  exemplary lives. Their good works are only an
  outward sign of their salvation.
• People are saved by faith, not by good works.
• Purely symbolic communion
• Theocracy

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Calvinism, continued

• Calvins ideas spread to other locations and
  became popular in Europe
• France Huguenots
• Scotland John Knox - Presbyterian church
• England Puritanism
• Holland Dutch Reformed Church

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The English Reformation

• English humanists and pre-reformers (such as Hus
  and Wycliffe) called for an end to the
  materialism of the church.
• Many English nobles strongly resented papal dues
  and church controls.
• Englands remote location gave it more
  independence in religious matters.

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Henry VIII Reformation

• Henry sends Cardinal Wolsey to get him an
  annulment from the pope. The pope refused
• (Charles Vs troops had sacked Rome in 1527, and
  the pope was under the control of Charles).
• Henry arrested Wolsey for treason and appointed
  Thomas Cranmer as the new Archbishop of
  Canterbury.
• Cranmer annulled the marriage.

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Henry, Continued

• 1534 Act of Supremacy - king replaces the pope
  as head of the English church and monasteries
  dissolved.
• Church lands were confiscated
• Formal establishment of the Anglican Church
  (Church of England)
• After having a variety of wives, Henry died.

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The Catholic Counter-Reformation

• The Council of Trent (1545 - 1563) led by
  Charles V, this council 1st tried to achieve
  reconciliation with the Protestants and then
  tried to save the Catholic church from
  destruction.
• Unsuccessful in stopping the reformation, but did
  encourage internal reform of the Catholic church.

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Decisions

• Faith and good works were both necessary for
  salvation
• Although the Bible was an essential authority,
  Church tradition and law was supreme in
  interpreting it.
• Reconfirmed the 7 sacraments
• Ended internal corruption
• Ended the sale of indulgences

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Formation of the Jesuits

• Formed in Spain by St. Ignatius Loyola, this
  religious order stressed absolute obedience to
  Catholic doctrine and beliefs, but combined these
  ideas with the need for humanist education.
• Education for youth in schools/universities
• moral influence of the church in rel. schools
• missionary activity
• winning political influence as advisors to princes

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The Invasions of Italy

• The Italian city-states were attractive to
  invaders for several reasons
• They were wealthy territories which were a
  tempting target for stronger powers
• They were quite small and were easy prey for
  larger powers.

68
The Empire of Charles V (1519 - 1556)

• Charles inherited a huge empire from his father
  and grandparents which included the HRE, Spain,
  the Low Countries, and the Italian States.
• Conquered much of Italy by 1525
• Charles allowed his troops to sack Rome in 1527.
• 1530 Charles made peace with the Pope and was
  given the title King of Italy.

69
Weaknesses of Charles Empire

• Geographically, his empire was so spread out it
  was difficult to control.
• N. German princes were striving for some measure
  of autonomy and were using religion as a pretext
  for rebellion.
• The reformation had already begun when he became
  emperor, and this created religious division and
  wars.

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The End of Charles Reign

• 1555 The Peace of Augsburg established some
  measure of religious freedom in the HRE (cuius
  regio, eius religio)
• 1556 Charles retired to a monastery
• 1556 Ferdinand I (his brother) got the HRE and
  Philip II (his son) got Spain, Netherlands,
  Naples, Milan, and the New World colonies.

71
Spain Under Philip II (1556 - 1598)

• Philip inherited a nation blessed with great
  wealth in the form of gold and silver from the
  New World. He squandered much of it by
• spending huge amounts of resources by fighting
  religious wars to try to halt the spread of the
  Reformation
• purchasing luxury items from other nations to
  keep the Spanish nobility happy.

72
The Dutch Revolt

• Under the leadership of William of Orange
  (William the Silent), the Calvinist Dutch
  provinces (the Netherlands) united with the
  Catholic Dutch provinces (Belgium) to assert
  their independence from Spanish control.
• The Calvinist provinces resented the Inquisition
  and all of the provinces resented the payment of
  taxes to Spain.

73
The Dutch, continued

• Philip sent the Duke of Alva, whose actions
  included the sacking of Antwerp.
• Following the sacking of Antwerp, the Catholic
  provinces left the Dutch alliance and joined with
  the Spanish.
• The Catholic provinces eventually became Belgium,
  while the Calvinist ones became the Netherlands.

74
The Spanish Armada (1588)

• Great rivalry existed between Spain and England
  over control of the seas and control of new world
  wealth.
• Relations between the two nations had not been
  very good for a long time.
• Philip decided to attack England in an attempt to
  restore Catholicism to the nation in 1588.

75
Reasons for the Attack

• Philip had been married to Mary I (Eng). After
  her death, Philip made some overtures to
  Elizabeth I and she refused to marry him.
• Wanted to restore Catholicism to England.
• Angry that England had aided the Dutch in their
  fight against Spain.
• Resented English power in the new world and
  resented the attacks of the English sea dogs on
  Spanish galleons.

76
The Defeat of Spain

• The English decisively defeated the Spanish
  Armada in 1588, thus preventing any Spanish
  acquisition of England.
• This defeat forever weakened Spain and led to its
  decline in the next century.

77
The Dutch Republic

• Secured de facto independence from Spain by the
  late 1500s due to weakening of Spanish power.
• This was made official in 1648.
• Golden Age of the Dutch Republic early 1600s
  due to political stability, economic prosperity,
  and cultural achievements.

78
The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648)

• Forever weakened the HRE and paved the way for
  French continental supremacy.
• Approx. 1/3 of the population died and approx.
  1/2 of the wealth of the German states was
  depleted.
• This decimation set the stage for the long-term
  fragmentation of central Europe.

79
The Bohemian Phase (1618 - 1625)

• Protestant, Frederick V of Bohemia demanded more
  autonomy for Bohemia from Ferdinand II (HRE)
• Defenestration of Prague
• Rebellion drove the Imperial forces from Bohemia
• The Protestant forces were decisively defeated at
  the Battle of White Mountain and Frederick was
  deposed.

80
The Danish Phase (1625 - 1629)

• Danish King Christian IV stepped up to lead the
  Protestants who were nearly wiped out after phase
  I.
• The protestant forces experienced more losses at
  the hands of Tilly and Wallenstein.
• The Edict of Restitution forced protestants to
  restore to the Catholic church all lands that had
  been taken from it since 1552. This was a major
  defeat.

81
The Swedish Phase (1630 - 1635)

• Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus and his army
  landed in Germany, starting phase III of the war.
• Cardinal Richelieu of Catholic France supported
  Gustavus and the Protestant forces in an attempt
  to control the power of the Hapsburgs.
• Many early protestant victories, but Gustavus was
  killed in battle in 1632.
• Ferdinand had Wallenstein assassinated in 1634.
• Phase was a costly one for both sides.

82
The French Phase(1635 - 1648)

• Sweden was attacked by Denmark in 1635, because
  Denmark hoped to break the power of the Swedish
  empire.
• France sent troops to help Sweden.
• Cath. France Prot. Sweden vs. Cath. HRE Prot.
  Denmark Cath. Spain
• 1645 Denmark surrendered
• 1648 Germans called for a truce.

83
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

• Renewed the Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius
  religio).
• Officially recognized Calvinism as a legal
  religion
• nullified the Edict of Restitution (whoever owned
  the land in 1624 got it back)
• Recognized the independence of Switzerland and
  the Netherlands

84
Westphalia, continued

• German princes given more sovereignty (they now
  had the right to raise armies and conclude
  foreign alliances)
• All agreed to settle their religious disputes
  through negotiation, rather than edict or
  majority vote.
• This treaty permanently weakened and fragmented
  the HRE.

85
THE FRENCH CIVIL WARS

• Although France had only a small minority of
  Huguenots (approx. 9 in 1560), they had far more
  power than their numbers, because most
  protestants were upper middle class persons or
  members of the nobility.
• Many of these Huguenots became Calvinist as an
  excuse to take a stand against the power of the
  Valois family.

86
Francis I and Henry II

• Both of these kings were concerned about the
  growing Protestant minority and actively
  persecuted the Calvinists.
• Unfortunately, Henry II died while his sons were
  quite young, leaving Catherine de Medici as the
  queen mother. Catherine had a difficult time
  dealing with the various political and religious
  factions in France and her religious policies
  were disastrous for the nation.

87
Political and Religious Problems in France

• Three political factions were competing to
  control France by 1560
• Bourbons (Protestants)
• Guises (Catholics)
• Chatellions (Protestants)
• Religious war broke out in 1562. Catherine would
  switch sides, for a time supporting the
  Protestants, then the Catholics, etc.

88
More Wars

• Religious intolerance culminated in the St.
  Bartholomews Day massacre in 1572 when Coligny
  (Prot. advisor) and several thousand Parisian
  Protestants were killed.
• This again ignited more warfare and led France
  into the War of the Three Henrys.

89
The War of the Three Henrys

• In this war, England helped the Protestant
  forces, and Spain helped the Catholics.
• King Henry III (Cath.) and Henry of Navarre
  (Prot.) vs. Henry Guise (Cath.)
• Henry III was killed, and Henry of Navarre won a
  series of military victories which established
  him as King Henry IV and created a new ruling
  dynasty in France--the Bourbons.

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King Henry IV (1589 - 1610)

• When he took over, France was in a state of
  religious and political disorder, and the central
  government was severely weakened.
• Henry rebuilt a devastated France with the help
  of his advisor, the Duke of Sully.
• 1593 Henry became Catholic (Paris is worth a
  mass).

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Achievements of Henry IV

• 1598 Edict of Nantes granted religious
  toleration to Protestants (1st legal recognition
  of Calvinism in any nation).
• Catholicism was still the national religion (The
  religion of most Frenchmen)
• Protestants could worship freely in Protestant
  cities and could again own property.

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More Achievements

• Strengthened the power of the monarch by
  weakening the power of the nobility.
• Restored the bankrupt government to solvency
• Began an extensive program for economic
  improvements--repairing and constructing roads,
  bridges and harbors, reclaiming marsh lands, and
  fostering agriculture.