Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia
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• What characteristics define an animal?

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Characteristics

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic with no cell walls
• Heterotrophs (consumers)

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Characteristics

• Have a nervous system to respond to their
  environment
• Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food
• Most animals develop from a zygote

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Reproduction

• Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates
  the egg to form a fertilized egg cell called the
  zygote.

• Internal fertilization

• External fertilization

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• Asexual reproduction means that a single parent
  produces offspring that are genetically identical
  to itself.

• Budding

• Fragmentation

• Regeneration

• Parthenogenesis

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Early Development

• The zygote undergoes mitosis and a series of cell
  divisions to form new cells.

• The cells continue to divide, forming a
  fluid-filled ball of cells called the blastula.

• The blastula continues to undergo cell division
  as some cells move inward to form a gastrula.

Gastrula - A single layer of cells surrounding a
fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells.
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Developmental Characteristics

• The gastrula is made up of three parts
• Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface
  of the gastrula, grows and divides developing
  into skin and nervous tissue.
• Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner
  surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining
  of the animals digestive tract.
• Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying
  between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles,
  reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.

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Developmental Characteristics

• Animals that develop a mouth from the indented
  space in the gastrula are protostomes.
• Animals that develop an anus from the opening in
  the gastrula are deuterostomes.

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Evolution of Animal Body Plans

• Anatomical features in animals body plans mark
  the branching points on the evolutionary tree.

• Relationships on this tree are inferred by
  studying similarities in embryological
  development and shared anatomical features.

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Body Plans

• Animals that are irregular in shape are
  asymmetrical.
• Animals that are regular in shape are
  symmetrical.

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Body Plans

• An animal has radial symmetry if it can be
  divided along any plane, through a central axis,
  into equal halves.
• An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be
  divided down its length into similar right and
  left halves forming mirror images of each other.

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Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has
radial symmetry?
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Body Plans

• Acoelomates animals have three cell layers with
  a digestive tract but no body cavities.
• Pseudocoelomates animals with a fluid-filled
  body cavity partly lined with mesoderm.
• Coelomates animals with a body cavity
  completely surrounded by mesoderm.

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Body Cavities

• Coelomates

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Body Cavities

• Pseudocoelomates

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Body Cavities

• Acoelomates

• Have solid bodies without a fluid-filled body
  cavity between the gut and the body wall

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Protection and Support

• Though not all animals have a skeleton, those
  that do can be divided into two groups
• Those with an exoskeleton a hard, waxy coating
  on the outside of the body that protects internal
  organs, provides a framework for support, and a
  place for muscle attachment.
• Those with an endoskeleton support framework
  within the body that protects some organs and a
  brace for muscles to pull against.

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Cephalization

• The tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and
  sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal

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Invertebrates

• 8 main phyla
• No backbones
• 95 of all animals are in this group

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Sponges
• simplest form of animal life
• live in water
• Do not move around
• no symmetry
• Pores (holes) all over body
• 5000 species

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Filter Feeders a sponge filters particles of
  food from water using collar cells and then pumps
  the water out the osculum.

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Invertebrate Phylum Porifera

• Examples Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• Live in water
• Most have tentacles
• catch food with stinging cells
• gut for digesting

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• 2 different shapes
• Medusa - like a jellyfish
• Polyp - like a hydra

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Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria

• Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and
  corals

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flatworms
• Flat, ribbon-like body
• Live in water or are parasites
• bilateral symmetry

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Planaria
• eyespots detect light
• food and waste go in and out the same opening

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Tapeworm
• Parasite that lives in intestines of host
  absorbing food

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Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Examples Fluke
• parasite
• lives inside
• of host

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Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda

• Roundworms
• Round, tubular body
• small or microscopic
• bilateral symmetry
• have both a mouth and anus
• Live in water or are parasites

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Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda

• Examples
• Hookworm
• Trichinella

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Soft bodies
• Hard Shells
• Live on land or in water
• have a circulatory system and a complex nervous
  system.
• Important food source for humans

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Gastropoda
• snails and slugs
• may have 1 shell
• stomach-footed - move on stomach

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Bivalves
• 2 shells hinged together
• clams, oysters,
• scallops and mussels

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Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca

• Class Cephalopods
• squids and octopuses
• internal mantel

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Segemented worms
• Body divided into segments(sections)
• Live in water or underground
• have a nervous and circulatory system

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class Earthworms
• eat soil and breakdown
  organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class bristleworms

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Invertebrate Phylum Annelida

• Class leeches
• parasites that feed on blood of other animals

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Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata

• Hard, spiny skin
• Live in salt water
• Radial symmetry
• name means spiney skinned
• endoskeleton

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Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata

• Examples seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and
  sea cucumber

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• Body divided into sections/segments
• Exoskeleton
• Jointed legs
• well developed nervous system
• largest group of organisms on earth

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• 3 subphylums
• Classified into classes according to the number
  of legs, eyes and antennae they have.

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda

• Subphylum Chilicerata
• is divided into 3 classes
• Arachnida spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
• Merostomata horseshoe crabs
• Pycnogonida sea spiders

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Arachnida
• no antennae
• 4 pairs of legs
• 2 body regions - cephalothorax abdomen
• spiders, scorpions, mites ticks

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Merostomata
• Horseshoe crabs
• Ancient group of species
• Changed little over 350 million years
• Aquatic, mostly found on Atlantic gulf coasts
  of United States.

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Chilicerata

• Class Pycnogonida
• Sea spider

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum -
Crustacea

• 5 Classes
• Aquatic ones have gills
• 2 antennae
• 2 body regions or segmented
• Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, barnacles, isopods
• Many species taste delicious in butter

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• Subphylum Uniramia 3 classes
• Class Insecta (insects)
• Class Chilopoda (Centipedes)
• Class Diplopoda (Millipedes)

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Insecta
• antennae
• 3 pairs of legs
• 3 body regions - head, thorax abdomen
• grasshoppers, ants, butterflies, bees

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Diplopoda
• Millipedes
• segmented animals
• Have 2 pairs of legs per segment
• Primarily herbivores decomposers

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Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum
Uniramia

• Class Chiopoda
• Centipedes Usually terrestrial carnivores
• Have 1 pair of antennae
• Are often poisonous, using modified front claws
  to immobilize prey

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Phylum Chordata subphylum Vertebrata

• 5 classes
• Fish
• Mammals
• Reptiles
• Amphibians
• Birds