Latreuo%20

1
?????????
2
Latreuo latreia

• NT the verb latreuo (21 uses) and its noun
  cognate, latreia (5 uses), are connected
  exclusively with God (or other deities) as
  object.

3
proskyneo

• The most frequent verb proskyneo (used 60 times
  in the NT),

4
proskyneo

• But certainly in the LXX proskyneo also very
  frequently designates the act of reverence given
  to God or other deities (e.g., Exod 205 2324
  348 1 Sam 3 Neh 86 93), and in the NT the
  term most often has this connotation.

5
proskyneo

• Of the remaining NT uses in addition to two cases
  
• where Satan asks Jesus for reverence (Matt. 49
  Luke 47)
• one use in Hebrews 16, where angels are
  commanded to reverence the Son,
• there are another 15 cases in the gospels where
  the term describes reverence given to Jesus
  either during his ministry or after his
  resurrection.

6
The phenomena of early cultic Christ-devotion
7
1. Prayer

• Prayer-wish expressions

8

• ??311?????????????,??????????????312???????
  ?????,??????,???????,?????????

9

• ??216????????????????????????????????????,??2
  17??????,???????????????

10

• the characteristic Grace and peace salutation
  in Pauls letter-openings

11

• ?17????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?!
• ??13??????????????????????!
• ??13????????????????,???????,????????

12

• ?13???????????????????????
• ?12??????????????????????!
• ??12???????????????????!

13

• the Pauline grace-benedictions that conclude his
  letters

14

• ?1620?????,????????????????????????????!
• ??1623????????????????!
• ?618???,???????????????????

15

• ??528????????????????
• ??318???????????????????

16

• direct, personal prayer to Jesus

17

• ??128???,??????,?????????129????????????,?
  ???????????????????,??????????,???????????

18

• The account of Stephen's death gives us another
  instance of direct prayer

19

• ?759??????????,?????????????????!?760????
  ??????,?????????!????,?????????????

20
2. Invocation and Confession
21

• the well-known fragment of Christian Aramaic
  liturgical usage

22

• maranatha
• ??1622??????,???????????!

23

• other references to ritual acts directed toward
  Jesus by name.

24

• ?109?????????,???????????,??????1010???????,
  ?????????,???????1011????????,????????101
  2?????????????????????,?????????????1013????
  ????,?????

25

• ??123??????????????,???????????????????,?????
  ??????
• ?211??????????,????????

26

• the kyrios title

27

• Call upon the Lord

28

• ?1010???????,?????????,???????1011???????
  ?,????????1012?????????????????????,?????????
  ????1013????????,?????

29

• ?232????,?????????????????????,????,??????????
  ,??????,?????????

30

• ??12???????????,??????????,??????,?????????????
  ??????????????,???????

31

• ?913?????????,???????,?????????????????,?9
  14????????????????,???????????

32

• ?921?????????????????????,?????????????,?????
  ?,????????
• ?2216????????????!???????,??????
• ??222?????????,???????????????????????

33

• This direct association of Jesus with God in the
  cultic life of early Christian congregations is
  powerfully illustrated in 1 Corinthians 51-5

34

• ??51??????????????????????????,?????????????5
  2????????,????,?????????????????53??????????,?
  ??????,??????????,?????????????54?????????,????
  ???????????,??????????,??55??????????,??????,??
  ???????????????

35

• The cultic invocation of Jesus' name is reflected
  also in Philippians 29-11

36

• ?29?????????,?????????????,?210?????????????
  ???,?????????,?211??????????,????????

37
3. Baptism
38

• ?238??????????,?????????,???????,?????????
• ?816????????????????,????????????
• ?1048???????????????????????????

39

• ?63????????????????,??????????
• ?327?????????,????????

40
4. The Lord's Supper'
41

• ??1014????????,?????????????1015?????????,??
  ?????????1016???????,??????????????????,???????
  ???????1017????,??????????,???????????????101
  8???????????,??????????????????1019???????????
  ??????????????????????1020??????????????,????,
  ?????????????1021????????,???????????????????
  ??1022????????????????????

42
5. Hymns
43

• Several NT passages indicate the prominent place
  of songs in the devotional life of early
  Christianity (e.g., 1 Cor. 1426 Col. 316-17
  Eph. 518-20 James 513 Acts 1625)

44

• ??1426???,??????????????,??????,????,????,????,
  ???????,????????

45

• ?316???????,???????????????(?????????????????
  ??,??????),?????????,????,????,????,????

46

• ?518????,??????,?????????519??????????????,?
  ?????????520?????????????,???????

47

• ?513?????????,??????????,??????
• ?1625????,????????????,?????????

48

• The putative hymn in Philippians 26-11 has
  perhaps attracted more attention than any of the
  other passages

49

• ?26???????,????????????,?27????,???????,????
  ????28??????,?????,????,????,?????????29????
  ?????,?????????????,?210????????????????,??????
  ???,?211??????????,????????

50

• the New Testament hymnic material is heavily
  concerned with the celebration of the
  significance and work of Jesus, with far more of
  this material concerned with Jesus than with God.

51

• Pliny's well-known letter to Trajan (111-112 CE),
  which refers to the practice of antiphonal
  singing to Christ as to their God' (carmenque
  Cristo quasi deo).

52

• "They asserted, however, that the sum and
  substance of their fault or error had been that
  they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day
  before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to
  Christ as to a god...." 
• --Pliny

53

• In some New Testament passages we even have
  indications of hymns sung to Jesus.

54

• ?519??????????????,?????????

55

• In Revelation we have praise and worship,
  including hymnic praise, directed jointly to God
  and the Lamb' (58-10, 13-14 79-12).

56

• ?58??????,??????????????????,?????????????????
  ???????59?????,??????,????????????,??????????
  ????????????,??????,?510????????,???,???,??????
  ??

57

• ?513?????????????????????????????????????????
  ??????????????,??????!?514???????!?????????

58

• ?79??,???,??????,???????,???????????????,??????
  ???,????,?????,?710???????????????????,??????
  

59

• Throughout Revelation, the author warns about
  worship of the beast' (920 134, 8, 12, 15
  149, 11 162 1920 204), and calls for
  worship of God alone (147 1910 229).

60

• In the context of the author's strict scruples
  about worship, the approval he gives to reverence
  to the Lamb is remarkable, and also without
  precedent in the Jewish background.

61

• ?199??????????,?????????????!????????????
  ?1910??????????????????!???,?????????????????
  ??????????????????????????

62

• ?228???????????????,????????,?????????????????
  229????????!???????????,???????????,??????????
  ???

63

• The intensity of devotion to Jesus
  characteristically reflected in Paul (e.g., Phil.
  37-16 2 Cor. 312-46),

64

• ?37????????????,??????????????38????,???????
  ???,????????????????????????,????,??????,?39???
  ?????,????????????,????????,?????????,?310?????
  ?,????????,??????????,?????,

65

• ?311?????????????312??????????,?????,???????
  ,????????????????(??????????????)??313???,
  ????????????,??????,??????,?????,?314??????,???
  ??????????????????315???????????,?????????????
  ?????,???????????316??????????,??????????

66
6. Prophecy

• David Aune identified 19 oracles in the NT in
  which Jesus is either pictured as the speaker or
  identified as the source or authority of the
  prophetic speech, and he found 9 more prophetic
  speeches of Jesus in the early Christian
  collection of hymns known as The Odes of Solomon.

67

• The messages of Jesus to the seven churches in
  Revelation 2 and 3 are also attributed to the
  Spirit (cf. 21, 7, 8, 11, 12, 17, 18, 29 31,
  6, 7, 13, 14, 22), just as Old Testament prophecy
  can be linked both to Yahweh and the Spirit.

68

• ?21?????????????????????,????????????
• ?27??????????,????,????!???,??????????????????

69

• This confirms the sense of the exalted Jesus
  functioning in New Testament prophecy very
  similarly to God.

70

• Jesus' summoning of Ananias in a visionary oracle
  to welcome Saul of Tarsus as a fellow believer.

71

• ?910??,??????????,???????????????????????,
  ??????911??????!????,??????,???????,????,???
  ??912???????,??????,????????,???????913???
  ??????,???????,?????????????????,?914????????
  ????????,????????????915????????????????????
  ?,??????????????????????916??????,?????????????
  ?917???????,????,?????????????,????????????,
  ????,????,?????,???????

72

• Strong Pauline evidence for Jesus being linked
  directly with the phenomenon of Christian
  prophecy.

73

• ??129????????????,????????????????????,?????
  ?????,???????????
• ??42????????????????????

74

• ??36???,????????????????????????,???????????,?
  ?????
• ??312????????,?????????,?????,??????
• ??1437??????????,?????,???????????????????143
  8??????,???????!

75
???????
76

• ?823?????,??????
• ?824????????,????????????????
• ?825???????,???,???,?????!
• ?826???????????!???????????,?????,??????????
  ?
• ?827??????????????????????

77
?????????
78

• ?1422?????????,??????,????????
• ?1423??????,??????????????,?????????
• ?1424??,????,????,?????
• ?1425?????,???????,???????
• ?1426??????????,????,?????!???,?????
• ?1427????????????,??,???!

79

• ?1428????,????,??????????????
• ?1429??????!????????,?????,???????
• ?1430??????,???,?????,??????,??!
• ?1431?????????,????????,???????
• ?1432?????,?????
• ?1433????????,??????????

80
?????,?????
81
?????,?????

• ?18????????,?????(?????????????????),???
  ?????????????

82

• ?215???????!???????????????,????????,?????
  
• ?216????????!?????,????????,????????????????
  ???????

83
??????? ???

• ?2212??,????!????,???????????
• ?2213?????,??????????,????????,????
• ?2216?????????????????????????????,????????????
  ???

84
???????????

• ?446????????,???????,??????????????,?????,????
  ?????!

85
??????????

• ?117????,???????,??????????????????!?????,???
  ??,
• ?118??????????,?????,???????,?????????????

86
John 11
87

• CU5 John 11 ??????? ??????? ??
• NAS John 11 In the beginning was the Word, and
  the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
• BGT John 11 ?? ???? ?? ? ?????, ?a? ? ????? ??
  p??? t?? ?e??, ?a? ?e?? ?? ? ?????. (Joh 11 BGT)
  kai Theos en ho logos
• ?a? ?e?? ?? ? ?????. (Joh 11 BGT)
• kai Theos en ho logos

88
Bruce Metzger

• As a matter of solid fact, however, such a
  rendering is a frightful mistranslation. It
  overlooks entirely an established rule of Greek
  grammar which necessitates the rendering, and
  the Word was God. Some years ago Dr. Ernest
  Cadman Colwell of the University of Chicago
  pointed out in a study of the Greek definite
  article that, A definite predicate nominative
  has the article when it follows the verb it does
  not have the article when it precedes the verb.

89
Result of Jehovah Witness false interpretaton of
the article

• ?16????,????????,?????
• Egeneto anthropos, apestalmenos para theou
• ?16????,??????????,?????

90
?????,??????
91

• ?114?????,???s????se???????,????????,??????????
  ???,??????????
• ?s????se?s?????

92

• ?3932??,????,?????????????????????,??????????

93

• ?4034??,???????s???? ?,?????????????
• ?4035???????,????????,??????????????

94
???,???!

• ?2026????,??????,???????????????????????????!
  
• ?2027????????????,?(??????)?????????,??
  ?????????,???!
• ?2028??????,???!
• ?2029?????????????,???????????!

95

• In Col. 115-17 the Jehovahs Witnesses
  translation falsifies what Paul originally wrote,
  rendering it He is the image of the invisible
  God, the firstborn of all creation, because by
  means of him all other things were created in the
  heavens and upon the earth. All other things
  have been created through him and for him. Also
  he is before all other things and by means of him
  all other things were made to exist. Here the
  word other has been unwarrantably inserted four
  times. It is not present in the original Greek,
  and was obviously used by the translators in
  order to make the passage refer to Jesus as being
  on a par with other created things.

96

• ?115????????????,????,?????????
• ?116??????????,?????????????????????,??????????
  ???????,?????????,???????
• ?117??????,????????

97

• Frequently Jehovahs Witnesses make the assertion
  that this passage teaches that God created the
  Son. 22 Actually the verb to create in
  reference to the relation of the Son of God to
  the Father appears neither here nor anywhere else
  in the New Testament. Here he is spoken of as
  the first begotten of all creation, which is
  something quite different from saying that he was
  made or created. If Paul had wished to express
  the latter idea, he had available a Greek word to
  do so, the word p??t??t?st??, meaning first
  created. Actually, however, Paul uses the
  word p??t?t????, meaning first begotten, which
  signifies something quite different, as the
  following explanation by a modern lay theologian
  makes clear.

98

• One of the creeds says that Christ is the Son of
  God begotten, not created and it adds
  begotten by his Father before all worlds. Will
  you please get it quite clear that this has
  nothing to do with the fact that when Christ was
  born on earth as a man, that man was the son of a
  virgin? We are not now thinking about the Virgin
  Birth. Were thinking about something that
  happened before Nature was created at all, before
  time began. Before all worlds Christ is
  begotten, not created. What does it mean?

99

• We dont use the words begetting or begotten much
  in modern English, but everyone still knows what
  they mean. To beget is to become the father of
  to create is to make. And the difference is just
  this. When you beget, you beget something of the
  same kind as yourself. A man begets human babies,
  a beaver begets little beavers, and a bird begets
  eggs which turn into little birds. But when you
  make, you make something of a different kind from
  yourself. A bird makes a nest, a beaver builds a
  dam, a man makes a wireless set. Now thats the
  first thing to get clear. What God begets is God
  just as what man begets is man. What God creates
  is not God just as what man makes is not man. 

100

• To return now to Col. 115 where Paul speaks of
  Christ as the first begotten of all creation,
  it is important to observe that the adjective
  first refers both to rank as well as time. In
  other words, the Apostle alludes here not only to
  Christs priority to all creation, but also to
  his sovereignty over all creation.

101

• Later in the Epistle to the Colossians (29) Paul
  declares, It is in him Jesus Christ that all
  the fullness of the divine quality dwells bodily
  (using the marginal reading of the New World
  Translation). Nothing could be clearer or more
  emphatic than this declaration. It means that
  everything without exception which goes to make
  up the godhead, or divine quality, dwells or
  resides in Jesus Christ bodily, that is, is
  invested with a body in Jesus Christ.

102

• It is to be noticed also that Paul uses the
  present tense of the verb, dwells. He does not
  say that the fullness of the divine quality has
  dwelt or will dwell in Jesus Christ, but that
  it dwells there. All that the creeds of the
  Church mean by speaking of Jesus Christ
  as eternally the only begotten Son of the Father
  is contained in Pauls deliberate use of the
  present tense of the verb dwells.

103
The Father greater than the Son
104

• One of the several passages which refer to the
  principle of subordination of the Son to the
  Father is John 1428, where Jesus declares, My
  Father is greater than I. From the way in which
  Arians of all ages have seized upon this text,
  one would suppose it to be the only passage in
  the New Testament which bears upon the relation
  of the Son to the Father.

105

• In seeking to bring this statement into harmony
  with other passages which teach an equality of
  the Father and the Son, some have utilized the
  formulation of the Athanasian creed Equal to
  the Father, as touching His Godhead and inferior
  to the Father, as touching His Manhood. That is
  to say, according to this explanation the
  assumption of humanity by the Son renders him, as
  man, inferior to the Father who remained in his
  unapproachable glory.

106

• It appears, however, that this verse has been
  commonly misunderstood by both the orthodox and
  the Arians. The larger context of Jesus
  statement makes it clear that, as Calvin
  succinctly phrased it, Christ does not here
  compare the divinity of the Father with his own,
  nor his own human nature with the divine essence
  of the Father but rather his present condition
  with the celestial glory to which he would be
  presently received. 32 It is a fact that the
  question treated in the context is not about
  Christs being born but the comforting of his
  disciples. In the penetrating words or a modern
  commentator

107

• In the Fourth Gospel the phrase greater
  than means of greater power and authority
  than (412 853 1029 1316 cf. I John 320),
  and this meaning must be relevant here. The
  humiliation of the Son involved in some real
  sense a separation from the Father His
  glorification and return to the Father restores
  to Him a position from which He can communicate
  to His disciples greater power, greater works
  than these shall he do (the believer) because I
  go unto the Father (1412). It is the certainty
  of union with the Father through faith in the
  Son, and the promise of the greater power which
  is to be theirs because of the death and
  resurrection of Jesus, that renders the saying a
  consolation to the disciples.

108

• 1. The Apostle Thomas addressed the risen Lord
  Jesus Christ with a confession of his deity when
  he said, My Master 12 and my God! (John 2028).

109

• 2. The Epistle to the Galatians begins as
  follows Paul, an apostle, neither from (ap?)
  men nor through (d?a) a man, but through (d?a)
  Jesus Christ and God the Father Here the
  Apostle declares that his apostleship was derived
  neither from men as a source nor through a man as
  a channel. Instead of receiving his appointment
  as an Apostle from or through any human being, he
  declares emphatically that it was through Jesus
  Christ and God the Father. In these words, Paul
  clearly distinguishes Jesus Christ from men and
  ranges him with God the Father.

110

• 3. Although Jehovahs Witnesses seek to
  differentiate sharply between Jehovah God and
  Jesus his creature, it is a remarkable fact that
  occasionally writers in the New Testament apply
  to Jesus Christ passages from the Old Testament
  which refer to Jehovah. (Since the Jehovahs
  Witnesses, who have not yet translated the Old
  Testament, prefer the American Standard Version
  (1901) of the Old Testament, all of the following
  quotations are taken from this version.)

111

• (a) Isaiah promises that Jehovah will be unto
  thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory
  (6019). Luke applies this to Jesus, quoting it
  in the form, A light for revelation to the
  Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel
  (232).

112

• ?6019??????????,?????????????????????,????????
  !

113

• ?228?????????,????
• ?229??!????????,?????????
• ?230??????????????,
• ?231????????????,
• ?232????????,???????????

114

• ?61?????????,??????????????????,?????
• ?63???????!??!??!??????,????????!
• ?610?????????,????,??????????,????,????,????,?
  ????

115

• ?1237??????????????,????????
• ?1238????????????,???,????????????????????
• ?1239???????,???????
• ?1240???????????,????????,????,????,???????

116

• ?231????????,???????

117
??????
118

• ?1030???????
• ?1031?????????????
• ?1032???????????????????,??????????????
• ?1033??????????????????,??????????????,?????
  ???
• ?1034???????????????????????

119

• ?11???????????????????,
• ?12?????,?????????,???????????,???????????
• ?13??????????,???????,????????????????????,????
  ????????

120

• ?1035???????????????????,?????
• ?1036??????,???????,????????,??????????????
• ?1037????????,???????
• ?1038????,???????,??????,??????????????,??????
  ?

121
?????,??????
122

• ?146???????????????????,??????????
• ?147??????,????????????,?????,????????
• ?148??????????????,???????
• ?149???????,??????????,?????????????,??????,?
  ????????????
• ?1410?????,?????,?????????????,????

123

• ?14??????,?????????,???????
• ?15?????,??????????????,??????????????????
  ?,???????
• ?16??,???????????(???????????????),
• ???????????

124

• ?17????,????????,???????
• ?18???????,??????????,?????????
• ?19?????,????,???,?????,??????,????????

125

• ?110????,?????????,?????????
• ?111??????,????????????????,
• ?112????????,?????,???????????????,?????????

126

• ?113?????,???????????????,????????????
• ?114????????????????????????????

127

• ?21??,?????????????,?????????
• ?22?????????,?????,??????,?????????
• ?23???????????,??????