The National Government and the 50 States

1
The National Government and the 50 States

• Chapter 4, Section 2

2
The National Governments Obligations

• Guarantee to every state in the Union a
  Republican form of government
• Representative government
• Protect each of the states from invasion
• An invasion on any state would be seen as an
  attack on the United States
• Protect states from internal disorder (unrest
  among a states residents) when the state cannot
  control the situation itself

3
The National Governments Obligations - Continued

• Respect and recognize the legal and physical
  boundaries of each state
• No state can be deprived of its equal
  representation in the U.S. Senate without its own
  consent

4
Adding New States

• Northwest Ordinance (1787) provided for the
  statehood of any sector in the Northwest
  Territory with a population of at least 60,000
• Local self-government
• Civil and political rights
• Support for education
• Only Congress has the power to admit new states
  to the Union
• A new state cannot be created by taking territory
  from one or more of the existing states without
  consent of the legislatures of the states involved

5
Adding New States

• Enabling Act directs the people of a territory
  requesting statehood to frame a state
  constitution
• Act of Admission If Congress approves statehood
  after reviewing a territorys proposed
  constitution, they pass an Act of Admission
  creating the new state.
• If the President signs the Act, the new state
  enters the Union

6
Conditions for Admission

• Although Congress can set certain conditions for
  new states (i.e., outlawing polygamy in Utah), it
  cannot impost conditions of a political nature
• President Taft denied statehood to Arizona
  because we allowed the recall of judges (we can
  remove judges from office). Arizona removed the
  recall item from their constitution, became a
  state in 1912, and almost immediately amended
  their constitution to allow for the recall of
  judges

7
Cooperative Federalism
8
Cooperative Federalism

• Federalism produces a dual system of government
• Two basic levels of government operate over the
  same people at the same time
• Examples taxes (both federal and state)
• Federalism can lead to a complex relationship
  between the federal and state governments

9
Federal Grants-in-Aid

• Intergovernmental cooperation via grants-in-aid
  programs (money from the federal government to
  the states, cities, counties)
• Grants help local governments perform everyday
  functions (schools, colleges, roads, canals,
  flood control, etc.)
• More than 500 grants-in-aid programs in operation
  today, totaling about 300 billion (25 of all
  state and local government spending) each year

10
Federal Grants

• Categorical Grants
• Made for a specific, closely-defined purpose
  (i.e., school lunches, construction of airports,
  water treatment plants, etc.)
• Usually made with strings (conditions) attached
• Use the federal monies for the specific purpose
  involved
• States must make its own monetary contribution
  (often matching but sometimes much less)
• Provide an agency to administer the grant
• Obey a set of guidelines

11
Federal Grants - Continued

• Block Grants
• Used for much broader things such as health care,
  social services, welfare, etc.
• Fewer strings attached
• State and local governments have greater freedom
  in deciding how and on what to spend the grant
  money on
• Project Grants
• States can apply for these grants for a variety
  of reasons/uses

12
Other Ways the Federal Government Helps the
States

• FBI gives help to state and local police
• The Army and Air Force equip and train each
  states National Guard units
• Census Bureau counts the population and the data
  is used for state and local uses
• How do states help?
• Conduct national elections financed with state
  and local funds
• Legal process for naturalization takes place in
  state courts