Napoleon I

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Napoleon I (1804-1814)
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Napoleon's Early Career
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Napoleons Military Fame

• Irony of Napoleons fathers decision to remain
  in Corsica after the French conquered it?
• Artillery officer in the French Army
• One of the most successful French officers in the
  wars against the European coalitions
• 1796-1797 ? he conquered most of northern
  Italy for France developed a taste
  for governing.
• Early Jacobin supporter of moderate/radical
  social change
• Was able to rise up through the chain of command
  quickly because of war time and emigration of
  many noble officers

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The Rosetta Stone
Jean Francois Champollion
Greek Hieroglyphs
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Napoleon Seizes Power
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Napoleon Saves the Directory

• the Directory was unpopular
• One reason- even though France had finally
  started to win wars, the country relied on
  plunder from other countries to run its economy,
  so the wars continued
• Helps explain growing disillusionment in other
  countries in regards to the revolution
• By 1799, mobs were protesting against the
  Directory on the streets of Paris
• Afraid of a mob coup, the Directory called on
  Napoleon to return to Paris to protect it
• Napoleon later remarked that he had quieted the
  crowds with a whiff of grapeshot

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Napoleon as First Consul

• With the government in disarray, Napoleon
  launched a successful coup d etat on November 9,
  1799.
• He proclaimed himself First Consul Julius
  Caesars title and did away with the elected
  Assembly appointing a Senate instead.
• In 1802, he made himself sole Consul for Life.
• Two years later he proclaimed himself Emperor.

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Emperor Napoleon I
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The Empress Josephine
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Josephines Bedroom
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Napoleons Throne
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Napoleons Bed Chamber
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The Imperial Image
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Napoleon- Revolutionary or Tyrant?
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Revolutionary or Tyrant?

• Plebiscite each time he gave himself more power
• What is a plebiscite?
• Why would he do this?
• Why would the French people vote for him?
• Parts of the Napoleonic Code
• Government jobs were filled by merit rather than
  birth
• Laws were the same for everyone- no estates

• Rose to emperor
• Crowning Ceremony Shows his Power Over the Pope
• Parts of the Napoleonic Code
• No freedom of speech
• No freedom of the press

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Napoleon and His Code
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Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon the
Empress Josephine, 1806 by David
December 2, 1804
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Napoleon on His Imperial Throne 1806 By Jean
AugusteDominique Ingres
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So youre just another tyrant, are you?!

• Beethoven

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• Napoleon and the
• Catholic Church

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Concordat of 1801

• Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the
  Catholic Church that had developed after the
  confiscation of Church property and the Civil
  Constitution of the Clergy.
• But, Napoleons clear intent was to use the
  clergy to prop up his regime.

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Concordat of 1801

• Catholicism was declared the religion of the
  majority of Frenchmen.
• Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the
  Revolution.
• Bishops subservient to the regime.

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• Napoleons
• Wars

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Europe in 1800
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Napoleonic Europe
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Louisiana Purchase, 1803
15,000,000
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Crossing the Alps, 1805 Paul Delaroche
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Napoleons Family Rules!

• Jerome Bonaparte ? King of Westphalia.
• Joseph Bonaparte ? King of Spain
• Louise Bonaparte ? King of Holland
• Pauline Bonaparte ? Princess of Italy
• Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son)? King of
  Rome
• Elisa Bonaparte ? Grand Duchess of Tuscany
• Caroline Bonaparte ? Queen of Naples

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British Cartoon
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The Spanish Ulcer

• Napoleon conquered and occupied Spain
• The Spanish mounted a guerrilla war against
  Napoleon
• This forced Napoleon to spend a great deal of
  money and lock down a great number of his
  soldiers in Spain

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Third of May, 1808 by Goya (1810)
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Napoleons First Major Loss
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Battle of Trafalgar
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The Continental System
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Napoleons Fatal Flaw

• Never satisfied with his victories
• When Russia ignores the Continental System
  Napoleon raises his largest army yet (the Grand
  Army) and invades

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The Big Blunder -- Russia

• In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of
  614,000 men eastward across central Europe and
  into Russia.
• The Scorched Earth Policy
• The Russians avoided a directconfrontation with
  Napoleon.
• They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into
  the interior of Russia hoping that its size and
  the weather would act as support for the
  Russian cause.
• The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and
  burned their crops to the ground, leaving the
  French to operate far from their supply bases in
  territory stripped of food.
• Dont forget that the French military plans
  called for armies to live off of what they could
  take from the enemy

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Russia and The Scorched Earth Policy
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Napoleons Troops at the Gates of Moscow

• September 14, 1812 ? Napoleon reached Moscow, but
  the city had largely been abandoned.
• The Russians had set fire to the city.

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Russian General Kutuzov
The Russian army defeated or at least tied the
French at Borodino.
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Napoleons Retreat from Moscow (Early 1813)
100,000 French troops retreat40,000 survive!
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The 6th Coalition
NapoléonsDefeat
France ?
1813-1814
? Britain, Russia. Spain, Portugal,
Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German
states
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Napoleons Defeat at Leipzig(October 16-17, 1813)
Battle of the Nations Memorial
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Napoleon Abdicates!

• Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
• Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his
  son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional
  surrender.
• Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.
• Treaty of Fontainbleau ? exiles Napoléon to Elba
  with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. Why be
  so nice to him?
• The royalists took control and restored Louis
  XVIII to the throne.

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Napoleons Abdication
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Napoleon in Exile on Elba
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Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)
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The "Hundred Days" (March 20 - June 22, 1815)
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The War of the 7th Coalition
Napoleons100 Days
France ?
1815
? Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria,
Sweden, smaller German states

• Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on
  March 1, 1815 ? the beginning of his 100 Days.

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Napoleons Defeat at Waterloo(June 18, 1815)
Prussian General Blücher
DukeofWellington
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Napoleon on His Way to HisFinal Exile onSt.
Helena
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Elba St. Helena
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Napoleons Residence on St. Helena
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Napoleons Tomb
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Hitler Visits Napoleons Tomb
June 28, 1940
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End of Napoleon
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The Congress of Vienna(September 1, 1814 June
9, 1815)
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Key Players at Vienna
Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.)
Tsar Alexander I (Rus.)
The HostPrince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.)
King Frederick William III (Prus.)
Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand
(Fr.)
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Key Principles Established at Vienna

• Balance of Power
• Legitimacy
• Compensation

• Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5
  years.
• France would have to pay an indemnity of
  700,000,000 francs.

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Main Objectives

• Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had
  done
• Reduce France to its old boundaries ? her
  frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.
• Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible
  that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic
  era.

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Europe After the Congress of Vienna
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Hansen Name ____________________AP Euro
Period _________ The Napoleonic Phase
1799- 1815 (Note-Taking Guide)

• ? Napoleons Early Career
• Napoleons Military Fame
• Irony of Napoleons fathers decision to remain
  in Corsica after the French conquered it?
  ______________________ ___________________________
  ____________________
• __________________in the French Army
• One of the most _______________________ in the
  wars against the European coalitions
• 1796-1797 ? he conquered _______________________
  for France ? developed a taste
  _________________.
• __________ supporter of moderate/radical social
  change
• Was able to rise up through the chain of command
  quickly because of _______________________________
  _______
• ? Napoleon Seized Power
• Napoleon Saved the Directory
• the Directory was unpopular
• One reason- even though France had finally
  started to win wars, the country
  _____________________ _______________________, so
  the wars continued
• Helps explain growing _______________________
  _________________________________________
• By 1799, _______________________________________
  on the streets of Paris
• Afraid of a mob coup, the Directory called on
  Napoleon to ______________________________________
  ____
• Napoleon later remarked that he had quieted the
  crowds with a whiff of grapeshot -
  _________________________
• Napoleon as 1st Consul
• With the government in disarray, Napoleon
  launched a successful _________________ on
  November 9, 1799.
• He proclaimed himself ________ Julius Caesars
  title and did away with the elected Assembly
  appointing a Senate instead.

• - Plebiscite each time he gave himself more
  power
• - What is a plebiscite? -
  ________________________________
• _________________________________
  __________________
• - Why would he do this? -
  ____________________________________
• - Why would the French people vote for him?
  _________________________________________________
• - Parts of the Napoleonic Code
• -Government jobs were filled by
• _________________________
• -Laws were ______________________________-
  no estates
• Tyrant?
• Rose to ____________
• ______________ Shows his Power Over the Pope
• Parts of the Napoleonic Code
• No freedom _______________
• No freedom _______________
• Beethovens Reaction to Napoleon
  _____________________
• ? Napoleon and the Catholic Church
• Concordat of 1801
• Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the
  Catholic Church that had developed after the
  confiscation of Church property and the Civil
  Constitution of the Clergy.

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• The Spanish Ulcer
• Napoleon conquered and occupied Spain
• The Spanish mounted _________________ against
  Napoleon (which means? - _________________________
  _________)
• This forced Napoleon to spend a
  __________________ and to lock down a great
  number ___________________ in Spain
• Napoleons 1st Major Loss
• Trafalgar ____________________ ___________________
  _________ ____________________________
  ___________________________
• The Continental System
• ____________________________ _____________________
  _______ ____________________________
• Napoleons Fatal Flaw
• Never ____________ with his victories
• When Russia ignored the Continental System
  Napoleon raises his largest army yet
  (___________) and invaded
• The Big Blunder ? Russia
• In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of
  614,000 men eastward across central Europe and
  into Russia.
• The Scorched Earth Policy
• The Russians avoided ______________________ with
  Napoleon.
• They retreated to Moscow, _________________
  _________________________________ hoping that
  its size and the weather would act as support
  for the Russian cause.
• The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and
  ____________________________ , leaving the French
  to operate far from their _____________ in
  territory stripped ___________________
• Dont forget that the French military plans
  called for armies to ____________________________
  from the enemy
• September 14, 1812 ? Napoleon reached Moscow, but
  the city ___________________________________.

• ? Napoleon Abdicates
• Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, 1814.
• Napoléon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his
  son, but the Allies insisted on
  _________________________________.
• Napoléon abdicated again on April 11.
• Treaty of Fontainbleau ? exiles Napoléon ______
  with an annual
• income of 2,000,000 francs. Why be so nice to
  him? - __________
• _________________________
• The royalists took control and restored
  _____________to the throne.
• ? The Hundred Days
• France versus ____________________________________
  ____ _____________________________________________
  _______
• Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on
  March 1, 1815 ? the beginning of his 100 Days.
• Napoleons Defeat at Waterloo
• St. Helena _______________________________________
  ________________________________________________
• ? The Congress of Vienna
• Key Players ______________________________________
  ______
• Key Principles
• Balance of Power