Emotion

1
Emotion
2
Class

• What are key tenets (propositions) of discrete
  emotion theory?
• What evidence suggests infant emotion is discrete
  what evidence suggests it is not?
• What is the main finding of the Oster studied
  reviewed by Camras and presented in the PPT?
  (Provide examples of two emotion).
• Do you think infants can have emotions without
  being reflectively aware of what they are
  feeling?
• Provide links to the best video you can (e.g.
  youtube) showing an infant expressing a discrete
  negative emotion that is not distress (e.g.
  anger, sadness, or disgust).
• What do you think this infant was feeling?
• Find a theory you agree with or disagree with
  (discrete, functional, dynamic). Does the video
  indicate that a particular emotion theory is
  incorrect or does it support the theory?
• Extra questions
• What evidence suggests that emotions are not
  discrete and may be more dynamic and functional?
• Describe a study distinguishing between emotion
  and facial expression.
• When do people smile?

3
Emotions

• Organize action, physiology, cognition, and
  perception to meet ever-changing environmental
  and internal demands
• In patterns constituting core aspects of
  temperament/personality functioning
• Motivate action and thought, creating value in
  lifeand impacting wellness and sickness

4
History

• Emotions dont exist (or cant be studied)
• Behaviorism, 50s - 60s
• Emotional expressions are infinitely malleable
• Some anthropological accounts
• Emotions are things structural accounts
• Discrete/Differential theory, 70s 80s
• Cross-cultural recognition of expressions
• Demonstrates hard-wiring of universal emotions?
• Emotions are processes and have functions
• Functionalist, dynamic systems, emotion
  regulation, constuctivist 90s 10s

5
Universality
6
What emotions do you see here?
Cohn
7
The Universality hypothesis

• Are facial expressions of emotion universal
  cross-culturally?
• If universal,
• are they innate and genetically determined?
• or could there be species-constant learning
  experiences?

8
Postulate

• There are some facial expressions of emotion
  that are universal.
• why do we not press our lips tightly together
  when happy and curve the corners up when angry,
  rather than the reverse?
• (Ekman, 1973, p. 219)
• facial affect program
• p. 220

9
Whos friends came to visit
From Cohn
10
Pre-literate culture study

• Read an emotion-situation story.
• Shown three photos and asked to choose one
• A high correctly identified (p. 212)
• Why is expression identification in pre-literate
  cultures important?

11
Critique

• Are identified expressions posed or spontaneous
• Emblematic denotative expressions caricatures?
• Verbal identification of posed expressions
• Relevant to of expression recognition
• Not to universality of expression production
• Or their innateness

12
What about development?
13
Infant emotions

• Core elements of infant behavior
• Quickly motivate behavior
• Hunger-Distress-Cry
• Interest-Attentive face
• Engaging playful other joy - smile
• Organize action, physiology, cognition, and
  perception
• To meet environmental and internal demands
• Patterns constitute core aspects of
  temperament/personality functioning

14
Infant emotional development

• Distress is present at birth
• Interest and joy emerge in the first 2 mos.
• joy developing through at least 6 mos.
• Anger, sadness, fear differentiate after 4 m.
• Pride and shame develop between 1 2 years

15
1 to 3 months

• Disgust
• Dropped lower lip, raised upper lip and nose
  screwed up
• Spitting out the disliked food/object
• Defensive reflex since no hand-mouth/grasping
  coordination
• Joy
• To familiar events, persons or objects
• (Smile) and wide-open bright eyes
• Sadness??
• Brows are raised at the center but dropped at the
  sides and mouth corners are drawn back and down
• Crying usually intensifies the expression
• As a result of withdrawal or loss of a desired
  object/person

16
Newborns

• Bipolar emotional life (Bridges, 1932)
• Distress and Pleasure
• Tripartite division (Lewis, 2007)
• Distress, Pleasure, and Interest
• Precursor emotions (see Holodinsky)
• Triggered by physical stimulus threshold not by
  any attribution of meaning, reflex-like
• Distress, disgust, fright, interest and pleasure

17
4 to 9 months

• Anger
• 4 and 6 months
• Mouth open with a squarish shape and angled
  downward to the back of the mouth, wide open
  eyes, intense gaze and lowered brows
• Whenever a child gets frustrated
• Demonstrated as young as 2 months (Lewis, 2007)
• Fear
• Might not be developed until 18 months but
  present earlier at about 6-8 months (Lewis,
  2007), not before 10 months (Fogel, 2001)
• Raised and furrowed brows, mouth corners are
  retracted straight back
• Reasons vary widely

18
4 to 9 months

• Surprise
• During the first 6 months
• Whenever there is violation of what is expected
  or as a response to discovery (aha effect)
• Mouth is open and the eyes are focused

19
12 to 24 months

• Embarrassment
• Blushing face and gaze down
• Shame
• Wish to disappear or hide is reflected in
  expression
• Children seem to shrink and hunch over so that
  the arms and hands will hide the face
• Guilt
• Moves in space as if trying to repair the action
• Pride

20
Developmental patterns

• Socialization
• Emotion displays become more restricted
• Full-face to partial face - miniaturization
• Cognitive input
• shame, guilt, contempt emerge
• involve rudimentary appraisal of self vis-à-vis
  other
• dynamic systems

21
Theories
22
Cole Moore (2015)

• Are infants biologically prepared to express
  certain emotions?
• Izard says yes, developed Differential Emotions
  Theory (DET) and focused on distress, enjoyment,
  and interest.
• Emotion expressions are innate and shaped by
  interaction with caregiver in order to
  effectively communicate current goal states

23
Evidence for DET

• Specific emotional responses to paradigm
  situations in infants
• Cross-cultural evidence in adults
• Infants have mature facial musculature
• Expressions in fetuses are similar to human
  children and primates.
• People blind from birth produce discrete emotion
  expressions.

24
Criticism

• Infant facial expression is often ambiguous,
  could depend more on integrated systems than
  changes in goal states
• Response facial babbling is a precursor to
  functional movements feedback allows infant to
  tailor emotion expressions to its environment.
  Furthermore, success in this can facilitate
  attachment.

25
Response

• (innate ? no environment input required).
• Developmental constraints will constrain
  optimality (learning and maturation of visual
  system is necessary)
• Natural selection will constrain infinite
  variation. Open systems are adaptive when
  cultural variation affects whether the system
  leads to an adaptive outcome. Mapping cultural
  variation to different adaptive outcomes would be
  a good future direction.

26
The Structuralist View

• Many models assume that each emotion kind is
  characterized by a distinctive syndrome of
  hormonal, muscular, and autonomic responses that
  are coordinated in time and correlated in
  intensity
• p. 30 Barrett, 2006

27
Discrete Emotions Theory (DET) Natural Kind
View

• Emotion composed of
• Neurochemical processes
• Expressive behavior
• Subjective feeling
• Many models assume that each emotion is
  characterized by a distinctive syndrome of
  hormonal, muscular, and autonomic responses that
  are coordinated in time and correlated in
  intensity. Barrett, 2006

• Social environment elicits emotion but is not a
  constituent of emotion

28
Neurochemical processes
29
Emotional brain - Limbic system

• Border between primitive brain stem and cortex
• Lower portions - visceral (bodily) feelings
• Developed at birth
• Limbic cortex awareness of feeling

30
Damasios theory

• Emotion is a neurochemical process
• Feeling is our sensation of that process

31
Limbic system in context
32
Limbic system
33
Amygdala

• Transforms sensory stimuli to emotion elicitors
• Not mediated by neocortex
• Input rapid, automatic appraisal of relevance
• Output Expression and Experience
• Reactivity of amygdala determines temperament

34
Limbic cortex

• Anterior cingulate gyrus
• Motivation
• Orbitofrontal cortex
• Inhibition, social control
• Feeds back to amygdala, other subcortical
  structures
• Neural development evident 6 24 months
• Pruning continues into adolescence

35
But where are specific emotions?
36
Key brain regions implicated in emotion-related
processing.
37
Where is joy located?
One possibility is that anterior cingulate
cortex, is associated with joyful responses,
whereas basal ganglia are involved in related
action tendencies.
Greater left than right cerebral activation
(Duchenne smiles, tail wagging, etc)
38
Facial affect programs?

• Current evidence
• Relevant linked brain systems
• But not distinct affect programs
• Fear may be exception
• Panskepp and current animal work

39
Qualia Affective-cognitive schema

• Emotion feeling linked to cognitions
• produces thoughts and actions
• i.e. self-appraisals
• Emotion-cognition does not transform feeling
• Feeling never changes
• but feeling linked to different images and
  thoughts
• In development, modular systems - emotion,
  cognition, motor - become less insular and more
  integrated

40
Is there emotional feeling without knowledge of
feeling?

• Infantile memory
• Strong emotional associations
• Without explicit knowledge of associations
• Makes associations inaccessible to reflection and
  difficult to change
• Memories of smells, movements, even abuse

41
For DET, Feeling is a

• Quality of consciousness
• Not defined by cognitions
• Hence, babies have them!
• But by action-tendencies and readiness
• Inherently adaptive
• Maladaptive when linked to wrong cognitions

42
Role of cognition

• DET
• Emotions are quality of consciousness
• If emotion feeling, cognition not necessary
• Hence, babies have them!
• For Barrett, emotion knowledge necessary.
• If emotion is about something, some degree of
  cognition is involved
• No emotions for babies?

43
Discrete (independent) emotions

• Become conscious rapidly and automatically,
  influencing perception and cognition
• Joy, interest, sadness, anger, fear, surprise,
  and disgust
• Emotions are discrete, distinguishable, and
  stable
• correlations.2 - .5 for anger and sadness 2 - 18
  months
• activation thresholds differ among individuals,
  defining temperament.

44
Discreteness

• Each emotion has different, distinguishable
  facial movements
• No display rules in early infancy
• Thus, infant emotion can be inferred by facial
  expression
• In infancy, as discrete emotions arise, they
  should be accompanied by discrete facial
  expressions of those emotions (read-outs)

45
Discrete Emotions Theory (DET) Hypotheses

• Emotion-specific programs unite expressive,
  physiological, and phenomenological processes
• As the CNS matures, basic emotions emerge as
  structured wholes
• dont come together developmentally
• There are no display rules operating in infancy
• In infancy, as discrete emotions arise, they
  should be accompanied by discrete facial
  expressions of those emotions (read-outs)

46
Expressive behavior
47
Discrete infant emotions
48
Expressive behavior

• Relating posture and gesture to face
• 4 distinct affective configurations Social
  Engagement, Object Engagement, Passive
  Withdrawal, and Active Protest (Weinberg
  Tronick, 1994)

49
Debate

• Debatable
• Camras Global negative affect reflected in cry
  face
• Cohn Matias High proportion of blend
  expression blends
• Affex training film, lab film
• Sad?distress http//www.youtube.com/watch?vakPVt
  ObBUOkfeaturerelated

50
Assumptions about Categorization

• The form of infant expressions matches the adult
  form
• MAX is based on adult infant configurations
• But few of these correspond with adult (FACS)
  configurations
• Adults can identify and respond to discrete
  emotional expression
• In a forced choice paradigm they pick the right
  MAX configuration more
• But accuracy is low and results are mixed for
  negative
• But not with free choice

51
Adults expressions seen as discrete
(Oster et al., 1992)
52
Infant negative expressions rated as distress
(Oster et al., 1992)
53
Situational appropriateness Production studies

• Premise
• In response to an appropriate elicitor
  (situation), hypothesized emotional expression
  should occur significantly more than other
  expressions

54
Specifying Specificity Facial Expressions at 4
Months

• evidence for a family of frustrating,
  goal-blocking events that elicited expressions
  and cortisol responses indicative of anger at 4
  months.
• Yet situations also elicited expressions and
  cortisol changes indicative of sadness.

Bennett, David S. Bendersky, Margaret Lewis, Mic
haelInfancy. Vol 6(3), 2004, 425-429
55
Negative emotional expressions are not
situationally specific

• Through 2 months, Justine
• shows distress to bathing, being moved,
  pacifier removal (inoculation and hunger)
• After 2 months, anger and, to a much lesser
  degree, sadness are most common reaction to all
  negative elicitors
• infants cry, not a specific reaction
• Camras, 1992

56
Examples

• Sad ? distress?smile
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vakPVtObBUOkfeature
  related
• Sad?disress https//www.youtube.com/watch?vl7oD9
  WX-1CU
• Fear/orient?distress http//www.youtube.com/watch
  ?NR1featurefvwpvQiBrPkGoqFM
• Fear?distress http//www.youtube.com/watch?vfASp
  42ZvjIMfeaturefvwrel,
• Distress
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?featurefvwpNR1vH
  -1me_wsuyk (alligator bite)
• Sad http//www.youtube.com/watch?vszLjXta0Szw,
  dad singing http//www.youtube.com/watch?vdAzLsnY
  vdYofeaturerelated (lower lip in response to
  rasberries)

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNS8rZb79-Asfeature
  related

Examples (Slides 3-10 are pictures)
http//www.slideserve.com/marilu/emotions
57
Maze gameScarychildren

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZGd5NqP6qd4
• Slow-motion http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLC5qPv
  TQUdo
• Compendium http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcypeLuC
  IrU0
• Long http//www.youtube.com/watch?vq9kNCBGEyfk
  055-107, 145-230

58
Dynamic blends

• Discrete emotionspattern of facial action.
• When patterns from different emotion expressions
  occur together, a blend occurs.
• Matias Cohn found that negative blends were as
  frequent as negative discrete emotions.
• Positive discrete gt positive blends

59
Summary

• Some negative facial expressions
• are not recognizably expressions of discrete
  emotions
• do not always occur in response to appropriate
  elicitors
• nor do they occur discretely in time

60
Assumptions about Concordance

• Correlation between infant expression and emotion
  eliciting events
• Some expressions appear in other circumstances
  and without a matched event
• Brow changing with head movement
• Cycles of expression during cry bouts
• Need for inter- and intra-situational specificity
• Correlation between infant facial expression and
  non-facial emotion behaviors
• Arm pulling during anger, cortisol in sadness
  provide evidence
• Links from children to adults more limited

61
Beyond DET Structuralism

• Alternate Views

62
Functional and dynamic views

• Emotion is not inside you.
• Emotions are process of changing (or maintaining)
  relations with environment significant to the
  individual.
• Emotions influence situation.

63
Alternative views

• Functional
• Insight Recognition of function of emotions and
  their flexibility in functioning
• Regulating emotion to achieve goals
• Difficulty Use goals to interpret behavior but
  use behavior to infer goals
• Dynamic
• Insight Recognition of interfacing role of
  multiple components in emotional process
• Difficulty Specifying process

64
Functionalist theory

• Emotion is the persons attempt or readiness to
  establish, maintain, or change the relation
  between the person and the environment on
  matters of significance to that person (Saarni et
  al., 1998).
• Emotion is associated with goal-attainment,
  social relationships, situational appraisals,
  action tendencies, self-understanding, self
  regulation, etc.

65
Emotion (cont)

• Structuralist vs. functional perspectives on
  emotion (cont)
• Functionalist
• Emotions serve to establish, maintain, or change
  relation between person and environment on
  matters of significance to person

66
Functions

• Interest
• Fear
• Anger
• Joy
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Surprise

• Orienting/exploration
• Avoidance/flight
• Goal removal
• Approach/continuation
• Withdrawal
• Expulsion
• Orienting

67
Functionalist emotion elicitors
68
Other cues
69
Dynamic systems

• Development, interaction, and (emotional)
  behavior are complex
• involving multiple interfacing/interacting
  constituents
• which produce patterns we see as pre-designed
  regularities
• A bottom-up approach
• Discrete emotions as preferred states formed from
  the interface of multiple constituents

70
Dynamic systems theory

• Emotions and facial expressions occur in time
• How do we study this?
• like a facial expression or vocalization driving
  the emotion process
• or a look at the situation
• or following out a thought
• or all of these combining together in the emotion
  process

71
Dynamic phenomena

• The raised brow of interest occurs with raising
  the head
• There are different interest expressions
• Problems with top-down approaches
• Duchenne smiling as a muscular dynamic
• Joy appears to develop in time
• Neonatal (Duchenne) smile may emerge before
  happiness
• Importance?

72
Dynamic systems alternative

• Distress-pain, anger, sadness often seen
  together during crying
• Perhaps negative emotion in infancy differs in
  intensity - phases of crying - distress anger,
  with sadness reflecting a weakening of intensity
• Camras

73
Surprise expressions as coordinative motor
structures

• Results indicate that MO is selectively
  associated with raised brows
• Brow raises occurred after the onset of the MO
  movement, further suggesting that MO recruits
  raised brows.
• Facial criteria may be inappropriate for
  identifying "surprise" expressions in infants.
• Camras, L. A., Lambrecht, L., Michel, G. F.
  (1996). Infant "surprise" expressions as
  coordinative motor structures. Journal of
  Nonverbal Behavior, 20(3), 183-195.

74
Interest expressions as coordinative motor
structures

• Opening the mouth is accompanied by brow raising
  in infants, thus producing "surprise expressions
  in non-surprise situations.
• Raised-brow movements significantly co-occurred
  with head-up and/or eyes-up movements for both
  ages.
• Knit-brows co-occurred with eyes-down at 5 mo and
  head-down at 7 mo
• Michel, G. F., Camras, L. A., Sullivan, J.
  (1992). Infant interest expressions as
  coordinative motor structures. Infant Behavior
  and Development, 15(3), 347-358.

75
Surprise! Its not in the face
Covert toy switch
Camras, et al. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528
-3542.2.2.179
76
Surprise examples

• Expression on demand http//www.youtube.com/watch
  ?v8DaKcKqVheENR1
• Coordinative structure? http//www.youtube.com/wat
  ch?vcOvtNPljtv0featurerelated
• Posed adult http//www.youtube.com/watch?vf4Ayfr
  M8Q2o
• Girl and Dad 105140. http//www.youtube.com/wat
  ch?vq5HXl_zJ5po ad preceding

77
Criticism

• Infant facial expression is often ambiguous,
  could depend more on integrated systems than
  changes in goal states
• Response facial babbling is a precursor to
  functional movements feedback allows infant to
  tailor emotion expressions to its environment.
  Furthermore, success in this can facilitate
  attachment.

78
Response

• (innate ? no environment input required).
• Developmental constraints will constrain
  optimality (learning and maturation of visual
  system is necessary)
• Natural selection will constrain infinite
  variation. Open systems are adaptive when
  cultural variation affects whether the system
  leads to an adaptive outcome. Mapping cultural
  variation to different adaptive outcomes would be
  a good future direction.

79
Feedback loops

• Internal Proprioceptive
• External Social
• "I take smiling to be a social signal," Messinger
  says. "I really think that babies are learning
  what joy is by sharing it with someone else." In
  other words, smiling might not be so much an
  expression of a preexisting state as a path we
  take to get to that state.
• Why do babies smile? - Slate Magazine, Jul 1,
  2010

80
Mirror Neuron System

• Neural basis for apperception of others
  experience
• What you see is what you feel
• Research limitations
• Inter-species generalization, imaging
  constraints, etc
• But potential source of ASD affective deficits

81
Relative reduced activity of pars opercularis of
inferior frontal gyrus to facial expressions
RH LH Figure 1 Reliable activity during imitation
of emotional expressions. (a,b) Activity in
bilateral pars opercularis (stronger in the
right) of the inferior frontal gyrus is seen in
the typically developing group (a) but not in the
ASD group (b). A between-group comparison (c)
revealed that this difference was significant (t
4 1.83, P o 0.05, corrected for multiple
comparisons at the cluster level). RH, right
hemisphere LH, left hemisphere.
82
Relative reduced activity of pars opercularis of
inferior frontal gyrusto facial expressions
(Typical ASD)
Observation
Imitation
Dapretto et al., 2006, Nature Neuroscience
83
Holodynski Friedlmeier (2010). The Development
of Emotions and Emotion Regulation.
84
Sign-mediated emotion system

• Build up differentiated emotion systems mediated
  by expressive reactions (frustration, anger,
  sadness, joy.)
• Coping actions
• Interpersonal regulation optimizes
• emotion components appraisal, expression, body
  reaction, feeling
• Interplay of emotion components
• ? Emergence of differentiated, sign-mediated
  emotion systems in infants

85
Internalization model

• Three postulates describing the mechanisms
  involved in the development of the emotion
  components
• The processes that differentiate the appraisal
  and expression components are interdependent
• Expression signs can be used symbolically
• Body sensations accompanying emotions are
  transformed into conscious feeling

Holodynski Friedlmeier (2010). The Development
of Emotions and Emotion Regulation
86
1a. Differentiation of the Expressive Reactions

• In adults appraisal precedes expression and body
  reactions (cause-effect relation)
• In infants effects tend to be reciprocal when
  emotions emerge!
• caregivers talk and smile to their infants to
  provoke a reaction
• First smile of infant as a result of imitation
• Caregivers will mark such events contingently by
  increased smiling and talking
• Infant builds up contingencies and initiate the
  cycle of pleasure (? real smiling)
• Evidence differences in expressing anger at
  different ages

87
1b. Expression Signs as Mediators between Infant
and Caregiver

• Coregulation
• Interdependence of infant and parent behavior
• Infants emotional experiences are mediated by
  the caregivers interpretation
• Caregivers respond with actions that are
  coordinated with their interpretation of their
  babys expression (feeding the crying infant)
• Temporal contingencies will emerge when the
  caregiver acts sensitively, promptly and
  consistently

88
1c. Affect Mirroring and Motor Mimicry

• Caregivers mirror their infants emotion-specific
  expression signs in their own expressions
• Infants register the contingent mirroring and
  then anticipate this from their caregivers
• Infants imitate their caregivers expression
  signs
• Interplay between caregiver and infants leads to
  synchronization of expression signs, universal
  and individual signs

89
2. Expression signs can be used symbolically

• Transformation of expressive reactions into
  expression signs
• Represent generalized emotion specific action
  readiness and subjective feeling state
• Example mother - infant
• Smile from the mother as assurance
• Mothers angry face as avoidance sign
• Example infant - mother
• Infant starts crying when a wish is denied, and
  stops immediately when the wish gets fulfilled
• Crying is used as a symbol not as an expression
  of real distress

• Facial expression into emotion related expression
  signs through face-to-face interaction between
  mother and infant

90
3. Body sensations accompanying emotions into
conscious feeling

• Without signs, no consciousness without
  expression signs, no conscious feeling
• Feeling emerges from interoceptive and
  proprioceptive feedback on body and expressive
  reactions
• Example feeling state of pleasure
• Expression sign smiling
• Feedback associated with pleasure warmth,
  relaxation
• Feedback not associated with pleasure e.g. itchy
  leg
• ? Only those relevant will be single out

91
Emotion is not facial expression

• Happiness alone is not sufficient to produce
  smiles. Rather, happiness produces smiles only
  during social interaction. (Ferenandez-Dols
  Ruiz-Belda, 1995, p. 1114).

92
Behavioral ecologists.

• Biologically oriented ethologists attempting to
  explain signaling behavior across species within
  a framework of evolution through natural
  selection.
• Facial expressions do not reflect emotions
• They occur during social interaction reflect
  social motives and negotiation

93
Behavioral ecology view

• Facial displays
• signify our trajectory in a given social
  interaction
• social tools aiding the negotiation of social
  encounters
• specific to intent and context

94
Dimensional

• Emphasizes commonalities between emotions
• De-emphasizes uniqueness of individual emotions

95
Circumplex Self-reported emotion
96
Critique of dynamic systems

• The task assembles the behavior
• Whats the emotional task?
• Signaling to other signaling/motivating self

97
Structural/Functional synthesis

• Structural insight.
• Discrete or no, emotional processes have an
  internal dynamic
• happiness wanes, frustrated love is not neutral
  sadness loves company
• Functional insight
• Emotions are inherently relational.
• And usually but not always functional
• Methodological synthesis.
• Detailed attention to face and other expressive
  modalities, and their perception by others.