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The%20Self,%20Identity,%20

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Title: The Self, Identity, & Personality Author: p_terry Last modified by: Terry, Pamela Created Date: 6/15/2006 9:12:23 PM Document presentation format – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The%20Self,%20Identity,%20


1
The Self, Identity, Personality
  • Chapter 11

2
SELF
  • All the Characteristics of the Person
  • Self-concept everything the person believes to
    be true about him/herself
  • Includes traits, preferences, social roles,
    values, beliefs, interests, self-categorization
  • Self-understanding develops throughout the
    lifespan

3
Self-Awareness in Infancy
  • Dot-of-rouge experiment
  • Recognize selves in mirror at 15-18 months
  • 15-23 months
  • Personal pronoun use
  • Picture recognition
  • Self-referencing, ownership, self-monitoring

4
Self in Early Childhood
  • Confusion of self, mind, and body
  • Concrete descriptions
  • Physical descriptions
  • Activities what they do
  • Overestimation of abilities

5
Self Middle Late Childhood
  • Shift to internal traits and abilities
  • Social role descriptions
  • Real and ideal selves
  • More realistic about abilities

6
Perspective Taking
  • Opposite of egocentrism the ability to assume
    anothers perspective
  • Children who are good at this are popular
  • Development progresses through stages (Selman)

7
Self in Adolescence
  • Abstract-idealistic
  • Self-conscious/ preoccupied
  • Contradictions within self
  • Fluctuating picture across time/situations
  • Possible selves
  • Self-integrations as they get older

8
Self in Adulthood
  • Self-awareness (emotional intelligence)
  • Accept own good and bad qualities
  • Possible selves become more realistic
  • Life review evaluation of successes failures
    more likely as you get older

9
Self-Esteem What is it?
  • Evaluative part of the self-concept
  • emotional
  • Difference between the real and ideal self
  • Have you realized your potential?
  • Do you value the trait, but have little
    potential?
  • Ideal self includes the ought and the wish
    selves
  • Measure of our sense of meaning in life
  • This includes purpose
  • Self-respect (Have you lived up to who you are?)

10
Self-Esteem What is it?
  • Influenced by the reactions of others
  • Generalized other, great ubiquitous they
  • People are susceptible to flattery
  • It is tougher to accept criticism
  • Basis for conformity

11
Self-Esteem What is it?
  • Self-serving bias
  • Overrate ourselves
  • Blame our failures
  • Claim our victories
  • As a rule, only depressed people truly have low
    self-esteem

12
Whats the problem?
  • Why is being wrong so socially traumatic to
    students?

13
The Self-Esteem Movement
  • Thank you to Dr. Tracey Zinn, on whose conference
    presentation this section is based.

14
The Self-Esteem Movement
  • Propagated primarily in the educational system
  • Curricula aimed at increasing students
    self-esteem
  • Everyone born after 1970
  • Focus has been on increasing self-esteem that is
    not rooted in reality
  • Researchers now suggesting that students need to
    be able to identify their talents
  • The Psychology of Self-Esteem Branden (1969)

15
What Was Taught
  • Keep your head up, feel good about yourself vs.
    take responsibility for your work. Forsyth et
    al (2007)
  • You can do anything!
  • No use of the word failure
  • Everyone got all As in HS, doing little work
  • Unrealistic expectations of success
  • Students report being bored in class

16
What Resulted
17
What Resulted Attitudes
  • Being happy is the most important thing
  • We should always feel good about ourselves
  • Increase in narcissism (debated)
  • Dont say Im a good soccer player (Just say
    Im good.)

18
What Resulted Attitudes
  • Carol Dwecks research
  • Effort is considered a sign of stupidity
  • When children are told that they are smart, they
    choose an easier task.
  • Panic when they are challenged or
  • think they are engaging in a lot of effort.

19
Result Confused Parents
  • Encouraged delicate handling of children
  • Shielded them from negative emotions, criticism
  • Praised kids regardless of what they did
  • Carol Dwecks research
  • Parents often think that helping their kids build
    self-esteem is done by shielding them from
    criticism and praising their talents
  • Protecting kids from hurt, failure, criticism,
    disappointment has made them more vulnerable

20
What Resulted - Behaviors
  • Weve created college students who are woefully
    vulnerable to pinpricks
  • Thin skinned undergraduates, defensive when they
    miss questions or are challenged
  • Generation X Goes to College (Peter Sacks)
  • Students seem to be incapable of handling
    negative feedback.
  • New hires are asking for raises and promotions
    almost immediately after being hired.
  • When students with high SE are criticized
  • Unfriendly, rude, and uncooperative.
  • Entitlement regularly cited as an issue in
    college.

21
What Failed to Result
  • High self-esteem Isnt associated with improved
    grades, career achievement, reduced alcohol
    usage, lower violent behavior, etc.
  • Baumeister and colleagues (2003)

22
What Self-esteem Cannot Do?
  • Improve school performance
  • Improve social relationships
  • Guarantee good leadership
  • Prevent risky behavior such as drinking
  • Promote health
  • It is defined in more than one way.
  • It may simply be a marker or indicator variable.

23
Educational Outcomes of the Self-Esteem Movement
  • Susan Jacoby The Age of American Unreason
  • Are our students (people) hostile to knowledge?
  • Self-esteem movement Im the smartest kid!
  • Im supposed to be happy!

24
Backlash against Self-Esteem
  • John Hewitts
  • The Myth of Self-Esteem Finding Happiness and
    Solving Problems in America
  • Why do you feel good about yourself?
  • Because of self-esteem

25
Backlash against Self-Esteem
  • Generation Me
  • Risk of depression anxiety higher for young
    people today
  • Our growing tendency to put the self first leads
    to unparalleled freedom, but it also creates an
    enormous amount of pressure on us to stand
    alone.

26
Are Negative Emotions Normal?
  • Against happiness In praise of melancholy
  • Eric Wilson
  • Loss of sadness How Psychiatry Transformed
    Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder
  • Alan Horwitz James Wakefield
  • The Medicalization of Society On the
    Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable
    Disorders Peter Conrad

27
Correlates of Self-Esteem
  • More initiative
  • Happier, less depressed
  • As long as things are going well.
  • Related to physical appearance
  • Can become narcissistic
  • Fluctuates across the lifespan

28
Self-Worth
  • Meaning
  • Purpose
  • Living up to your identity your destiny

29
Components of Identity
  • Career
  • Political views
  • Religious beliefs
  • Relationships
  • Ethnic identity
  • Personality
  • Body image

30
EriksonIdentity vs. Identity Confusion
  • Identity crisis - exploration
  • Identity commitment
  • Problems
  • Weak sense of trust
  • Little autonomy or initiative
  • Lack of industry

31
Paths to Identity
  • Identity diffusion
  • No crisis/ commitment
  • Identity foreclosure
  • Commitment/ no crisis
  • Identity moratorium
  • Crisis/ no commitment
  • Identity achievement (goal)
  • Commitment following crisis

32
Erikson Generativity vs. Stagnation
  • Self-absorption
  • Self-indulgence
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