General anatomy of

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General anatomy of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES FROM EXOCRINE GLANDS

1. Have no ducts.
2. A vascular net is developed well. (Old name
   "ductless glands", "bloody glands").
3. Capillaries have the special structure a) sine
   wave type b) an endothelia membrane joins to the
   cells of gland directly.
4. They select increts (hormones). "Hormao"
   excite.

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Other features

• Mass of gland very little in relation to a body.
  (Example Less than 100 gr. in human body)
• Physiological activity is ever-higher.
• (Example 1 gram. of insulin decreases sugar
  concentration in a blood in 125 000 rabbits).
• Influence on all organism on the whole.
• Topographically disjoined.
• They have different origins.
• Their secretions are blown through have chemical
  nature.
• Their action is purposeful.
• Distances operate.

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• Function communication
• Regulate to the functions and manage processes in
  an organism with the nervous system together.
• The nervous system innervate endocrine organs.
  The endocrine system influences on activity of
  the nervous system.
• There is crampon connection between
• Nervous Endocrine Immune SYSTEMS

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Differences of the nervous and endocrine systems
Realization through the chemical matters neurotransmitters which formed under influencing of electric impulse hormones are sent in a blood, lymph, tissue
Cell-targets muscles, glands, nervous cells All cells of organism (bodies of cells)
Time of activating (to beginning of effect) milliseconds from seconds to hours and days
Duration of action (effect) short long
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TYPES OF HORMONAL RECEPTION

1. Intra cells (through RNA and DNA alteration of
   cell metabolism).
2. Superficial membrane (perception by a receptor
   formation of hormone-receptor complex formed
   ATP hormonal mediator influence on the enzymes
   of cells alteration of cellmetabolism).

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The mode of hormone influence

1. Metabolic (influence on an exchange)
2. Morphogenic (stimulation of morphosynthetic
   processes differentiation growth
   metamorphoses)
3. Kinetic (including or exception of certain
   activity of executive branches)
4. Correcting (change of intensity of function of
   organs and tissues).

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Paracrine organs Heart Liver Hypothalamus Kidney S
tomach Ureter Their increts operate in city,
because decompose quickly by the enzymes of
blood. They are prostoglandins according chemical
nature.
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Localization of hormone secret structures
Stomach Duode-num Pan-creas Hormons
like A (remind the ?- cells of pancreas, producing glucagons) like ? (remind ? are cells of pancreas EG EG ? like A ? glucagone
?1 ? A function not is set. Possibly, produce a brake factor (vasoactiv intestinal polypeptide)
?1 ?1 ?1 A function not is set. Possibly, relate to freeing of gastrin
G (gastric) G G glucagon
S produce secretin
A function while not clears probably cholecystokinin-pancreozymin
?? (entero chrome) Serotonin, motilin
?? (entero chrome) In Histamin
Insulin
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