Photography Lesson 1

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Photography Lesson 1

• The Camera

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What is Photography ?

• Photo- Light
• Graph- Drawing
• It means Light Drawing. ... It literally means
  "To write with light.
• A Camera is one of the tools you will use to
  capture this light.

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Shutter / Aperture / ISO

• Taking a properly exposed photograph requires a
  cooperation between a cameras shutter, aperture,
  and film (ISO)
• the shutter and aperture adjust the amount of
  light that reaches the film
• Essentially the shutter speed, aperture, and ISO
  number are variables in a photo equation

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Film / ISO

• Standard film youve probably seen before is most
  likely 35mm negative film
• Film also comes in a positive form, it is called
  Slide Film
• Film Speed (ISO 100, 200, and so on) describes a
  films sensitivity to light. The higher the
  number the more sensitive (faster) the film,
  and the less light it needs for the picture to be
  neither too light nor too dark.
• A setting of 100 to 200 is good for learning to
  shoot outdoors in sunny conditions. In dimmer
  light, speeds of 400 or higher are required.
• Digital cameras dont use film, they have a
  digital light chip, they also have a built in,
  usually adjustable ISO setting.

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The Shutter

• The Shutter-speed controls the length of time
  that the shutter remains open.
• A Shorter time decreases the likelihood that a
  moving object will appear blurred
• A longer shutter speed will let in more light,
  but often blur your picture

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Shutter Speed
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• The shutter controls the amount of light that
  reaches the film by length of time it remains
  open.
• Doubling the amount of time the shutter is open
  is called a Stop it gives twice as much
  light.
• Shutter Speed is measured in fractions.
• Your camera usually denotes the shutter speed by
  displaying the denominator only.
• 1/1 1 sec
• ½ one half of 1 second, it may be labeled 2
• 1/250 one 250th of a second, it may be labeled
  250
• Dont confuse 2, meaning 2 seconds, with 2
  meaning ½ second 4 meaning 4 seconds, with 4,
  meaning ¼ second, and so on.

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Leaf / Between-the-lens Shutter

• There are 2 main kinds of shutters available to
  cameras.
• A leaf or between-the-lens shutter is generally
  located inside the lens itself. All view cameras
  and most point-and-shoot cameras use leaf
  shutters.
• A flash can be used at any speed.
• Lenses will cost more.
• Actual shutter time will vary from lens to lens

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Focal-Plane Shutter

• The other shutter is a focal-plane shutter.
• A focal-plane shutter is built into the camera
  body and is located directly in front of the
  film.
• The shutter consists of two overlapping curtains.
• Lenses are less expensive.
• Shutter speeds can be higher
• Cant use a flash when both curtains are moving.
  If the shutter speed is too fast, a sliver of
  flash appears.

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Motion Blur
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Aperture / Opening

• The aperture (size of lens opening) controls the
  brightness of the light that reaches the film.
• The aperture adjusts the size of the lens opening
  the diaphragm. The smaller the aperture
  opening the greater the depth of field
• The Depth of Field is the part of the image near
  to far that will be sharp and in focus.

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• The aperture is more or less like the pupil in
  your eye
• The size of an aperture is measured by its
  f-number or f-stop
• The lower the f-number the bigger the hole.
• Few lenses provide a range of apertures greater
  than eight stops
• A lens with a larger aperture is considered
  faster than a lens with a smaller aperture.
  Faster lenses work better in low light situations
  than do slower lenses.

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• The size of the lens opening (aperture) controls
  the amount of light that passes through the lens.
• Each setting is one Stop from the next,
  meaning, each lets in twice as much light as the
  next smaller opening, half as much as the next
  larger opening.

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Aperture and Depth of Field

• Depth of Field is the area from near to far in a
  scene that is acceptably sharp in a photograph.
• As the Aperture changes, the Depth of Field
  Changes.
• The smaller the Aperture the larger the Depth of
  Field
• Top photo f/2 (large aperture, small DoF)
• Bottom photo f/16 (smaller aperture, larger DoF)

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Shutter Speed and Aperture Together

• Both Shutter Speed and Aperture affect the amount
  of light entering the camera.
• To get a correctly exposed picture (neither too
  light nor too dark) you need a combination of SS
  and A that let in the correct amount of light for
  a scene and film speed
• Equivalent Exposures, Once you have the correct
  combination of SS and A, you can change one
  setting as long as you change the other in the
  opposite direction.
• Remember - Shutter Speed affects the sharpness of
  moving objects, Aperture affects the depth of
  field, sharpness from near to far

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Sunny 16

• The Sunny 16 rule (aka the Sunny f/16 rule) is a
  method of estimating correct daylight exposures
  without a light meter. Apart from the obvious
  advantage of independence from a light meter, the
  Sunny 16 rule can also aid in achieving correct
  exposure of difficult subjects.
• The rule serves as a mnemonic for the camera
  settings obtained on a sunny day using the
  exposure value (EV) system.
• The basic rule is, "On a sunny day set aperture
  to f/16 and shutter speed to the reciprocal of
  the ISO film speed or ISO setting.
• For example
• On a sunny day and with ISO 100 film / setting in
  the camera, one sets the aperture to f/16 and the
  shutter speed to 1/100 or 1/125 second (on most
  cameras 1/125 second is the available setting
  nearest to 1/100 second).
• On a sunny day with ISO 200 film / setting and
  aperture at f/16, set shutter speed to 1/200 or
  1/250.
• On a sunny day with ISO 400 film / setting and
  aperture at f/16, set shutter speed to 1/400 or
  1/500.

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Sunny 16

• What settings would you choose for a Sunny Day
  using 200 ISO Film?
• f/16 , ISO 200, 1/250
• An Overcast day using 200 ISO film?
• f/8, ISO 200, 1/250

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Types of Cameras
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Single-Lens Reflex (SLR)
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Rangefinder/Viewfinder
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Twin-Lens Reflex
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Point and Shoot
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View Camera