LEARNING Unit 6

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LEARNING Unit 6

• AP Psychology12
• Ms CareyThree Main Types of Learning
• 1. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) 2. Operant
  Conditioning (Skinner)3. Learning by Observation
  (Bandura)

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In this Chapter

• Learning by Observation- learning by conditioning
  AND by observations of others
• Research credited to ALBERT BANDURA
• Operant Conditioning- a type of learning that
  associates its behaviours with consequences
• Research credited to B.F. SKINNER
• Classical Conditioning- a type of learning that
  is associated by different Stimuli
• Research credited to Russian physiologist IVAN
  PAVLOV

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What is Classical Conditioning?

• Classical Conditioning is a type of learning in
  which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A
  neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned
  stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that
  anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned
  stimulus. SOwhat does that really mean? the
  learning of conditioned behavior as being formed
  by pairing stimuli to condition an animal or
  human into giving a certain response.

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• Example of Classical Conditioning

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• Classical Conditioning
• - When you see the tennis star, you think of
  nice shots on the tennis court. They have added
  a camera to the picture so you begin to
  associate the camera and the shot to the tennis
  star.

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CS, UCS, CR, UCR
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IVAN PAVLOV

• FIRST CLASSICAL CONDITIONING RESEARCHER
• Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov explored one
  important form of learning in his classic
  experiments on conditioning dogs. He noticed that
  they learned by association.
• It was his experiments that are called CLASSICAL
  CONDITIONING.
• Pavlov received a medical degree in Russia at the
  age of 33 and spent the next three decades
  focusing on learning and experimentations.

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Early Experiments

• After studying salivary secretion in dogs, Pavlov
  knew that when he put food in a dogs mouth the
  animal would invariably salivate. He also noticed
  that when he worked with the same dog repeatedly,
  the dog began to salivating to stimuli associated
  with food- to the mere sight of food, to the food
  dish, to the presence of the person who regularly
  brought the food.
• At first, Pavlov and his assistants tried to
  imagine what the dog was thinking and feeling as
  it drooled in anticipation of the food. OBVIOUSLY
  this led into serious debates and led nowhere.
• So in order to explore the phenomenon more
  objectively, they decided to experiment.

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Classical Conditioning.

• They decided to pair various neutral stimuli with
  food in the mouth to see if the dog would begin
  salivating to the neutral stimuli alone. To
  eliminate the possible influence of extraneous
  stimuli, they isolated the dog in a small room,
  secured it with a harness, and attached a device
  that diverted its saliva to a measuring
  instrument.
• From an adjacent room, they could present food-
  at first by sliding in a food bowl, later by
  blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at a
  precise moment.
• If a neutral stimulus- something the dog could
  hear or see- now regularly signaled the arrival
  of food, would the dog associate the two stimuli?
  If so, would it begin salivating to the neutral
  stimulus in anticipation of the food? The answers
  proved to be YES.

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Whats with the Bells??

• Just before placing food in the dogs mouth to
  produce saliva, Pavlov sounded a bell. After
  several pairings of tone and food, the dog began
  salivating to the tone alone, in anticipation of
  the meat powder. Using this procedure, Pavlov
  conditioned the dogs to salivate to other
  stimuli- a buzzer, a light, a touch on the leg,
  even the sight of a circle.
• The dogs were then learning by association- they
  were associating the sounds of the bells (and
  other stimuli) with the anticipation of food.
  Sothey would then begin to drool.

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PAVLOV TERMS

• Because salivation in response to food in the
  mouth was unlearned, Pavlov called it an
  UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE (UCR). Food in the mouth
  automatically, unconditionally, triggers a dogs
  salivary reflex.
• Thus, Pavlov called the food stimulus an
  UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (UCS)

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• Salivation in response to the bell was
  conditional upon the dogs learning the
  association between tone and the food.
• This is called CONDITIONED RESPONSE (CR)

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Its that Simple?

• If this demonstration of associative learning was
  so simple, what did Pavlov do for the next three
  decades??
• Pavlov and his associates explored the causes and
  effects of classical conditioning. Their
  experiments identified FIVE major conditioning
  processes
• Acquisition
• Extinction
• Spontaneous Recovery
• Generalization
• Discrimination

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• Dennis the Menace

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• Example of Classical Conditioning from THE OFFICE