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Unit 1 Part 2

• The Middle Ages
• The Renaissance

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Prelude 2 Early Middle Ages

• The Culture of the Middle Ages Renaissance

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Hearing from The Lady and the Unicorn tapestry
(late 15th century)
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Prelude 2 Middle Ages (476 1460) Also called
the Medieval period
Early Middle Ages (to 1000)

• Fall of Roman Empire
• Growth of Christianity (Roman Catholic Church)
• Fuedal Society clergy, nobility, and peasant
  classes
• Illiterate except clergy (monks monasteries,
  nuns - convents)
• Patronage (support, employment) for music by
  the Church
• Art style symbolic, impersonal, iconic

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Sacred Music in the Middle Ages

• Chapter 12

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Chapter 12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages

• The Mass
• Ordinary of the Mass
• 5 parts of the worship service that do not change
  EVER!
• Latin (Vatican II, 1932 1965)
• Proper of the Mass
• 5 parts of the worship service that could be
  altered
• Would be changed according to feast days,
  holidays, baptisms, weddings, funerals, etc

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Ordinary of The Mass

• Kyrie (Greek)
• Lord have mercy
• Christ have mercy
• Lord have mercy
• Gloria
• Glory to God in the highest and in Earth, peace
  to men of goodwill.
• Credo
• Literally, I Believe

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Ordinary of The Mass

• Sanctus
• Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Hosts.Heaven and
  earth are full of Thy glory.Hosanna in the
  highest.
• Blessed is He that comethin the name of the
  Lord.Hosanna in the highest.
• Agnus Dei
• Lamb of God,Who takest away the sins of the
  world,have mercy upon us.Lamb of God.Grant us
  peace.

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Chapter 12. Sacred Music in the Middle Ages
Gregorian Chant (plainchant, plainsong)

• First written music
• Texture Monophonic (choral with no
  accompaniment)
• Rhythm Nonmetric
• Responsorial (soloist, then chorus)
• Harmony church modes (modal)
• Latin text - syllabic, neumatic, and melismatic

Hildegard of Bingen, Alleluia, O virga mediatrix
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Gregorian Chant Notation
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Text settings for Chant

• Syllabic one note for each word or syllable
• example Row, Row, Row Your Boat
• Neumatic two to four notes per syllable
• example higher range of middle section -
  Hildegard, Alleluia
• Melismatic many notes per syllable
• example - Gloria from Angels We Have Heard
  on High
• example - opening of Hildegard,
  Alleluia (below)

Melismatic
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Hildegard of Bingen

• German (Holy Roman Empire)
• Founded her own convent
• Scholar writings on science, medicine,
  religion, philosophy, poetry, and music

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(Notre Dame) Organum

• Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris
• First polyphonic music (non-imitative)
• The development of precise rhythm and pitch
  notation
• Often based on pre-existing chants (cantus
  firmus)
• 2-part music by Leonin, 3rd and 4th parts by
  Perotin

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris (11631235)
Notre Dame School, Guade Maria virgo
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Prelude 2 The late Middle Ages

• The culture of the middle ages Renaissance

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Prelude 2 Late Middle Ages

• Feudal society ending
• Modern Nation/States, developing (France,
  England, etc.)
• Opening of East West (trade, cultural exchange)
• Crusades
• Cities first Universities (centers of art and
  culture)
• Rising influence of Royal Courts Second source
  of patronage

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Secular Music in the Middle Ages

• Chapter 13

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Chapter 13. Secular Music - late Middle Ages

• Ars Nova (new art) music style first in France,
  then Italy
• Minstrels (ie troubadours, trouveres, etc.)
• Secular dance - instrumental, improvised,
  instruments not specified
• Secular songs (ie chanson) settings of poetry,
  may be monophonic or polyphonic

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
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Mauchaut

• French
• Employed by church and royal courts
• Composed Notre Dame Mass (First complete
  polyphonic setting of Ordinary)
• Sacred music and secular songs (chanson)

Mauchaut, Pius quen oubli (Chanson)
The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
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Prelude 2The Renaissance

• The Culture of the Middle Ages Renaissance

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Prelude 2 The Renaissance1450 - 1600

• Renaissance rebirth or renewal began in
  Italy.
• Destruction of Constantinople scholars, artists
  fled west.
• The awakening of intellectual awareness and the
  beginning of the modern era (in Western
  society)
• Humanism focus on human achievements (science,
  discovery, ideas, reasoning)
• Secularization - focus on daily life, as opposed
  to religious ideas
• Interest in ancient Greece and Roman culture,
  art, philosophy

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Prelude 2 Renaissance

• World exploration (ie Columbus)
• Scientific discovery (ie Galileo)
• Invention of Printing Press increased musical
  literacy, amateur musician - (merchant
  or middle upper classes) music in home
• Art realism (expressive face, poses) sense of
  motion and drama, the human nude in
  sculpture, (ie daVinci, Michelangelo)
• Music as an expressive art.

Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci
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Renaissance Sacred Music

• Chapter 14

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Chapter 14. Renaissance Sacred Music

• the Golden Age of a-cappella singing (choir
  or voices without instruments)
• imitative polyphony dominant (with other
  textures)
• some based on cantus firmus (pre-existing
  melody)
• harmony modal but with fuller chords

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Chapter 14. Josquin

• Singer
• Franco-Flemish (northern France)
• Employed royal courts church - Duke of Ferrara
  northern Italy, Papal Choir Rome, late in
  life returned to France
• Motets, masses, and secular chansons

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Chapter 14. Motet

• Most important genre of early polyphonic music
• Sacred music (during the Rennaisance)
• Timbre SATB choir a-cappella
• Texture mostly polyphonic (imitative) with some
  homorhythmic

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14. Renaissance Sacred Music The Reformation
and Counter-Reformation
(Protestant) Reformation (Martin Luther)

• Text in the vernacular (common language)
• More congregational singing
• Hymn tunes - simple melodies, homophonic texture,
  (ie Bach)
• Pure vocal music (no instruments)
• Text in the traditional Latin
• No secular tunes/influences
• Clarity of text - simplified textures (ie
  Palestrina)

Counter-Reformation (Council of Trent)
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Chapter 14. Palestrina

• Italian, organist, and choirmaster
• Employed St. Peters Basilica and Sistine Chapel
• Mostly sacred music Mass the liturgical
  music of Roman Catholic Church, (approved by the
  Council of Trent) also motets, some secular
  madrigals
• Style Timbre a-cappella (5 or 6 voices in the
  choir) Texture mostly polyphonic with other
  textures

Palestrina, Pope Marcellus Mass, Gloria
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Renaissance Secular Music

• Chapter 15

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Chapter 15. Renaissance Secular Music

• Professional musicians courts and civic
  functions
• Merchant-class amateurs music in the home
• Instrumental dance music (instruments not
  specified)
• Vocal music Chanson and Madrigal

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15. Renaissance Secular MusicThe Italian
Madrigal

• Madrigals began in Italy
• Text based on a secular poem
• Aristocratic court entertainment
• Timbre a few solo voices (ie quartet)
• Word Painting - music style reflecting the
  meaning of the text

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Word Painting examplesfrom Monteverdi A un giro
sol (at a single turning glance)

• The breeze laughs all about
• The sea becomes calm
• The sky becomes more radiant
• I alone am sad and weeping, doubtless on the day
  you were born, so cruel and wicked, my death
  was also born.

The Enjoyment of Music 11th, Shorter Edition
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Chapter 15. Renaissance The English Madrigal

• Elizabethan age of literature (ie Shakespeare)
• Simpler and lighter in style/story, cheerful,
  humorous
• Refrain syllables (fa-la-la)
• Word-painting (examples - Farmer Fair Phyllis)

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Chapter 15. RenaissanceThe English Madrigal

• John Farmer
• Active in Ireland and England
• Organist and choirmaster
• English madrigals songs

Farmer, Fair Phyllis
Typical pastoral scene, by Zick
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Susato Three Dances

• Susato Belgium composer
• Set of 3 rondes (rounds)
• Performed by a wind band (instruments not
  specified)
• Each section in Binary form (A-A-B-B) (C-C-D-D
  ) (E-E-F-F)

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15. Renaissance Secular Music
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