1800-1945: Southern Africa

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1800-1945 Southern Africa

• 1800-1825 internal warfare, depopulation, forced
  migrations of Bantu? mfecane era (crushing era)
• Caused by population growth competition among
  rising military states
• Creation of new multitribal, multilingual Bantu
  states in modern day Zimbabwe, Mozambique,
  Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania
• (LEFT) Shaka Zulu, most important military
  leader, practiced total war to est. large Zulu
  nation
• Caused new kingdoms to grow? Lesotho founded by
  King Mosheshwe (in modern day South Africa)

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Cape Colony

• Mfecane nation-building ended by European
  colonials
• 1806 British take Cape Colony from Dutch
• 1835-1841 Great Trek of Boer voortrekers? Dutch
  settlers move north and NE to avoid conflict with
  Xhosa people British
• Were attacked by Zulus along way
• 6,000 Afrikaners from eastern Cape NE to southern
  Africa, Natal land above Orange River
• Afrikaners create Orange Fee State after 1850

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Islamic Reform Movements

• 1800s efforts made by some Islamic states before
  European colonialism took hold
• Many rural people still pagan, while ruling
  classes urbanites had converted
• Militant jihad movements firmly est. Islams
  place in Africa

Sokotocapital of Fulani empire established after
1804 in the Jihad led by Usman dan Fodio
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Increasing European Influence

• European penetration limited, just coastal slave
  trade
• 19th century saw English, French German
  explorers map the geography of the continent
• Seek sources of Nile, Zambezi, Congo wonders of
  Mt. Kilimajaro, Lake Tanganyika fables of
  Timbuktu

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British explorer

• Dr. David Livingstone, British missionary
• Asked by The Royal Geographical Society to
  explore the great African watersheds esp. the
  sources of the Nile
• Tracked down by journalist Stanleyfamous phrase

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Christian missionaries

• Catholic Protestant missionaries increasingly
  arrive in Africa late 1800s
• Tried to Christianize Africans advocate end of
  remaining slave trade
• Created schools, brought medicine, some literacy,
  more knowledge to Europe
• Also gave colonists justification for their
  presence? weapons of imperialism
• Many missionaries succumbed to malaria, yellow
  fever, sleeping sickness
• (LEFT) Christian missionary in Tanzania

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The Colonial Scramble for Africa

• Before 1850, only Dutch in Cape French in
  Algeria
• From 1880s European presence increases

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Why colonize to Africa?

• Popular interest
• Commercial interest
• Industrial markets natural resources
• Intra-European competition for power prestige
• HOW?
• Made possible by economic, technological,
  military superiority
• Steamboats made rivers navigable between
  waterfalls
• French est. direct control, British indirect
• French conquest of Algeria constituted the 1st
  major European colony in Africa (1830-1847)

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The Scramble Continues

• Leopold II of Belgium Otto von Bismarck of
  Germany followed
• Italy took Eritrea, Somaliland, Libya, was
  repelled from Ethiopian by their army in 1896
• Scramble ended by the start of WWI

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African Resistance Nationalism

• Many African states resisted militarily
• Though European colonial borders were mostly
  arbitrary, nationalist movements grew within
  these boundaries leading to many modern states
• Use of the common European language aided growth
  of nationalism
• Some movements used Western religious political
  ideals to combat Western colonialism

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