AP Review

1
AP Review

• Chapters 32-34

2
Fast Facts

• General characteristics of animals
• - multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
• - take in food by ingestion
• - lack cell walls have cell junctions made of
  structural proteins that hold cells and tissues
  together

3
Fast Facts

• - reproduce sexually zygote that undergoes
  cleavage
• -divides into smaller cells after
  fertilization creating a multicellular
  structure called a blastula
• - following the blastula stage is gastrulation
• - rearrange the cells to form a 3 layered
  structure called a gastrula

4
Fast Facts
5
Fast Facts

• Bilateral Symmetry
• - have a top (dorsal), bottom (ventral), head
  (anterior), and tail (posterior)
• - have three germ (tissue) layers triploblastic
• - ectoderm forms epidermis of skin and
  nervous system
• - endoderm lining of digestive tract, liver,
  pancreas
• - mesoderm skeletal, muscle, circulatory, and
  lympatic systems

6
Fast Facts

• Animals can also be grouped by the development of
  a body cavity or coelom
• - separates the digestive tract from the outer
  body wall
• - triploblastic animals can be grouped by the
  coelom development

7
Fast Facts

• Acoelomates
• - phylum platyhelminthes
• - no body cavity between the digestive tract and
  the outer wall
• - have only one opening only a gastrovascular
  cavity
• - no blood vascular system

8
Fast Facts

• Psuedocoelomates
• - phylum rotifera and nematoda
• - have a fluid filled cavity that is
  incompletely or partially lined with mesoderm
• -cavity develops between the mesoderm and
  endoderm

9
Fast Facts

• Coelomates
• - everything else
• - fluid filled cavity that is completely lined
  with mesoderm
• - the digestive tract is suspended in the cavity
  and held in place with connective tissue called
  mesentery

10
Fast Facts
11
Fast Facts

• Coelomates are further divided according to the
  pattern of development that their zygote goes
  through
• - divided into protosome and deuterosome
  coelomates

12
Fast Facts

• Protosome coelomates
• - spiral cleavage during early cell divisions,
  the divisions are diagonal to the vertical axis
  of the embryo
• - cells end up lying between rather than on top
  of other cells
• - determinate cleavage casts the developmental
  fate of each cell very early

13
Fast Facts

• Deuterosome coelomates
• - radial cleavage cells divide at right angles
  so the cells are above or below each other
• - first opening becomes the anus, second becomes
  the mouth
• - indeterminate cleavage cells retain ability
  to develop into complete embryo

14
Fast Facts
15
Fast Facts

• Four anatomical features characterize the phylum
  Chordata
• - notochord, dorsal nerve chord, pharyngeal
  slits, and a postanal tail

16
Fast Facts

• Class Condrichthyes
• - sharks, skates, and rays
• - skeleton made of cartilage. Teeth and
  vertebrae may be strengthened with mineralized
  granules

17
Fast Facts

• Sexual reproduction w/ internal fertilization
• -Oviparous lay egg, then fertilized embryo
  develops within egg after laying
• - Ovoviviparous fertilized egg develops in
  mother, but mother and egg are separated born
  live after hatching
• - Viviparous live young born embryo develops
  inside of body nourished by placenta

18
Fast Facts

• Class Osteichthyes
• - ray finned and lobed finned fish
• - boney fish endoskeleton w/ calcium phosphate
• - 2 chambered heart (1 atria, 1 ventricle)

19
Fast Facts

• Tetrapods four feet
• - all, except for modified species such as
  snakes, have four limbs with the same basic
  structure
• - used for movement

20
Fast Facts

• Class Amphibia
• - means two lives
• - frogs, toads, and salamanders
• - thought to have evolved from lobed finned
  fishes
• - 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle)

21
Fast Facts

• Development of the amniotic egg allowed animals
  to move further away from water
• 4 parts to the amniotic egg
• - amnion prevents dehydration and cushions
  against shock
• - yolk sac stockpile of nutrients for the embryo

22
Fast Facts

• - allantois disposal sac for metabolic waste
• - chorion allows O2 and CO2 to diffuse freely
  across the eggs shell
• - found in birds, reptiles, and mammals

23
Fast Facts

• Class Reptilia
• - scales are made of keratin (waterproof)
• - 3 chambered heart (2 atria and 1 partially
  separated ventricle)
• - nitrogenous waste excreted as uric acid (low
  water loss)
• - internal fertilization most lay an amniotic
  egg
• - ectotherms obtain heat by external
  absorption not cold blooded

24
Fast Facts

• Class Aves
• - flightless (ratites) and flight (carinate)
• - thought to have evolved from dinosaurs
• - body is designed to enhance flight
• - endothermic maintain high body temp through
  metabolism

25
Sample Question

• Structure and function vary across the animal
  kingdom. Despite this variation, animals exhibit
  common processes. These include transport of
  materials, response to stimuli, gas exchange, and
  locomotion.
• For two of the processes above, describe the
  relevant structures and how they function to
  accomplish the process in the following phyla
• - Cnidaria (ex. hydra, jellyfish)
• - Annelidia (ex. earthworm)
• - Cordata (ex. mouse)