ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING

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ETICS AND EMICS OF CHILD-REARING
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LECTURE OUTLINE

• Introduction Etics and Emics of Child-rearing
• Etics Parental-Acceptance-Rejection Theory
  (Rohner)
• PAR model
• How PAR is studied
• Key issues
• PAR and personality
• PAR and coping
• Consequences of PAR
• Evaluation of PAR

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Lecture Outline (cont)

• Emics Amae
• The anatomy of dependence (Doi)
• Yamaguichis theorizing on amae
• conceptual elaboration and ecological
  validity
• amae and dependence
• amae and attachment

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Lecture Outline (cont)

• Emics Filial piety (Ho)
• Characteristics
• Measurement
• Determinants
• Filial attitudes and behaviours
• Filial piety, child-rearing and psychological
  outcomes

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Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory
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Convergence of Methodologies
Case Study
Comparative Holocultural
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Convergence of Methodologies
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PAR ITEMSMy mother..

• Pays no attention to me
• Enjoys having me around
• Sees me as a big nuisance
• Hugs and kisses me when I am good
• Yells at me when she is angry

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PAR and Personality

• Emotional need for positive regard is a powerful
  motivator for children
• Parental rejection leads to hostility,
  aggression, impaired self esteem, emotional
  unresponsiveness and instability

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PAR and Coping
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Consequences of Parental Rejection

• Depression
• Behavioural problems
• Substance abuse

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PAR and Mental Health Outcomes
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Evaluation of PAR

• Almost 2000 empirical studies since the 1930s
• Convergence of results across methods, cultures
  and over time
• Approximately 25 of the variance in adolescent
  and adult adjustment accounted for by PAR

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Emics Indigenous constructs

• Amae
• Filial piety

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How to understand Japanese
The typical psychology of a given nation can
only be learned through familiarity with its
native language. The language
comprises everything which is intrinsic to the
soul of a nation, and, therefore, provides the
best projective test there is for each
nation. Doi
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Clarifying Amae (Yamaguichi)

• Amae the presumption of indulgence, which
  involves an acceptance of inappropriate behaviour
• Elaboration of amae
• Amae and dependence
• Amae and attachment

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Filial Piety

• Guiding principle governing patterns of
  socialisation
• Prescribes how children should behave towards
  parents
• Justifies parental authority over children
• Demands obedience, honour and respect

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Filial Piety Measures

• Psychometric scales
• Moral dilemmas

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Filial Piety Stages

• Material benefits to parents
• Emotional and spiritual support
• Harmony in family
• Mutual expectations of caring, love and obedience
• Route to actualize ethical ideals

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Filial Piety Determinants

• Education
• Age
• Gender
• Nationality
• SES

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Filial Piety, Child-rearing and Psychological
Outcomes

• Authoritarian moralism
• Cognitive conservatism

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Research evidence consistently points to negative
psychological consequences of filial piety from a
contemporary perspective on human development.
Ho (1996, p. 165)
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Concluding Questions

• What are the positive and negative consequences
  of filial piety?
• Can amae be studied across cultures?
• Is PAR a convincing etic theory? Why?