America Moves to the City

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America Moves to the City

• 1865-1900

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The Urban Frontier

• 1870-1900
• U.S. population doubled
• City populations tripled
• Architects such as Louis Sullivan perfected
  skyscrapers
• First appeared in Chicago in 1885.
• Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones made
  city life more alluring.

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Home Insurance Building, Chicago
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Carnegie Library (1904-1905)
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Harry S. Renkert House (1908)
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Stark County Courthouse (1892)
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Historic Ridgewood Home
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Historic Ridgewood Home
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Sears-Roebuck HomesThe Magnolia5000-6000 in
1900
Historic Ridgewood
Catalog Picture
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Reactions to the Problems

• The Social Gospel was preached throughout the
  country.
• Walter Rauschenbusch

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Families and Women in Urban Society

• In 1898, Charlotte Perkins Gilman published Women
  and Economics, a classic of feminist literature,
  in which she called for women to abandon their
  dependent status and contribute to the larger
  life of the community through productive
  involvement in the economy.
• She also advocated day-care centers and
  centralized nurseries and kitchens.
• Divorce rates increased to 1 in 12 marriages by
  1900
• Reduction in family size due to shift from rural
  to urban
• Womens suffrage movement continued
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
  helped found the National American Womens
  Suffrage Association
• Wyoming was the first to grant suffrage in 1869
• By 1900, some states allowed women to vote
  locally and most allowed women to own and control
  property after marriage.
• Ida B. Wells rallied toward better treatment for
  Blacks as well and formed the National
  Association of Colored Women in 1896.

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Temperance and morality

• Women especially convinced that excessive
  drinking caused many of societys problems.
• Womens Christian Temperance Union formed in
  1874.
• Anti-Saloon League persuaded 21 states to close
  down saloons and bars.
• Carrie Nation raided saloons and smashed barrels
  of beer with a hatchet
• Society for the Suppression of Vice helped to
  pass the Comstock Law which prevented the mailing
  or transportation of obscene and lewd material
  (1873).
• The American Society for the Prevention of
  Cruelty to Animals was formed in 1866 to
  discourage the mistreatment of livestock, and the
  American Red Cross, formed by Clara Barton, a
  Civil War nurse, was formed in 1881.

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Carrie Nation
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Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

• Dwight Lyman Moody
• Proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness
  and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of
  city life.
• The Moody Bible Institute was founded in Chicago
  in 1889 and continued working well after his 1899
  death.
• Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were also
  gaining much by the new immigration.
• Cardinal Gibbons was popular with Roman Catholics
  and Protestants, as he preached American unity.
• By 1890, Americans could choose from 150
  religions.
• Salvation Army
• The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian
  Science), founded by Mary Baker Eddy, preached
  that Christianity heals sickness.
• YMCAs and YWCAs

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Immigration

• High rates of immigration between 1880-1920
• In many northern cities more than half of the
  population were immigrants or 1st generation
  Americans
• Few immigrants from Latin America before 1810
• Old immigrants
• Northwestern Europe (Britain, Scandinavia,
  Germany)
• Racially fit, culturally sophisticated,
  politically mature
• New immigrants
• From Eastern and Southern Europe
• Seen as racially inferior, culturally
  impoverished, incapable of assimilating American
  values and traditions

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Immigrants and Their Children as a Percentage of
the Population of Selected Cities, 1920
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Sources of Immigration
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Causes of Immigration

• Religious or political persecution
• Main reason economic hardship
• European population expanded faster than lands
  there could support their people
• Rural ways of life in Europe were threatened by
  industrialization and urbanization
• European village artisans unable to compete with
  mass-produced goods
• Commercial agriculture and competition from
  American grain exports force peasants off land

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Patterns of immigration

• Need for a contact in America (family member,
  former neighbor)
• Temporary residency was sought by many immigrants
• Many Jews came as families, intending to stay in
  the U.S., rather than return to religious
  persecution
• Immigration moved in tandem with U.S. business
  cycles

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Chinese and Japanese Immigration

• Chinese and Japanese immigrants contributed
  greatly to 2 important western economic sectors
  railroads and agriculture
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Japanese immigration banned in 1907
• 1790 Naturalization Act interpreted to preclude
  citizenship for East Asian immigrants
• Motive for immigration similar to European
• Angel Island San Francisco

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Immigrant Labor

• Immigrants did arduous work in most major
  industries
• Triangle Shirtwaist Company (1911)
• Problems for workers
• Chronic fatigue and malnourishment
• 60 work week average
• Average yearly income 400-500
• Immigrants most vulnerable during Depression

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Living Conditions

• Many families lived in crowded, dilapidated 2 or
  3 room apartments
• Tenements
• Lower East Side of NYC
• Crowded
• Lack of windows, ventilation
• Poor sanitary conditions
• High rates of deadly infectious diseases
  (Typhoid, Diptheria, Pneumonia)
• By 1900 some cities make improvements
• Housing inspections
• Sewer systems

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The Settlement House

• Jane Addams founded Hull House in 1889
• Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931
• Lillian Walds Henry Street Settlement opened its
  doors in NYC (1893)
• Settlement houses became centers for womens
  activism and reform
• Florence Kelley fought for protection of women
  workers and against child labor.

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Darwin Disrupts the Churches

• Charles Darwin published his On the Origin of
  Species, which set forth the new doctrine of
  evolutionism and attracted the ire and fury of
  fundamentalists.
• Modernists took a step from the fundamentalists
  and refused to believe that the Bible was
  completely accurate and factual.

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The Lust for Learning

• Creation of more public schools and the provision
  of free textbooks funded by taxpayers.
• Catholic schools also grew in popularity and in
  number.
• Chautauqua movement (1874)
• included public lectures to many people by famous
  writers and extensive at-home studies
• Americans began to develop a faith in formal
  education as a solution to poverty.

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Booker T. Washington and Education for African
Americans

• headed a black normal and industrial school in
  Tuskegee, Alabama
• avoided the issue of social equality
• African Americans would gain rights through
  education

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W.E.B. DuBois

• first African American to get a Ph.D. from
  Harvard University
• demanded immediate equality for African Americans
• founded the National Association for the
  Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.
• Many of DuBoiss differences with Washington
  reflected the contrasting life experiences of
  southern and northern Blacks.

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The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

• Colleges for women, such as Vassar, were gaining
  ground.
• Howard University in Washington D.C., Atlanta
  University, and Hampton Institute in Virginia
  were established for African Americans.
• The Morrill Act of 1862
• land grant bill to fund colleges in each state

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The March of the Mind

• Medical schools and science were prospering after
  the Civil War.
• Discoveries by Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister
  improved medical science and health.
• William James helped establish the discipline of
  behavioral psychology.

Louis Pasteur
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The Appeal of the Press

• Libraries such as the Library of Congress also
  opened across America, bringing literature into
  peoples homes.
• Invention of the Linotype in 1885
• Competition sparked yellow journalism, in which
  newspapers reported on wild and fantastic stories
  that often were false or quite exaggerated sex,
  scandal, and other human-interest stories.
• Two new journalistic tycoons emerged Joseph
  Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph
  Hearst (San Francisco Examiner, et al.).
• The Associated Press, established in the 1840s,
  helped to offset some of the bad journalism.

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Apostles of Reform

• Henry George wrote Progress and Poverty
• It was he who came up with the idea of the
  graduated income tax.
• Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward (1888)
• criticized the social injustices of the day and
  pictured a utopian government that had
  nationalized big business to serve the public
  good

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Postwar Writing

• Dime-novels depicted the wild West and other
  romantic adventure settings.
• General Lewis Wallace wrote Ben Hur A Tale of
  the Christ, which combated the ideas and beliefs
  of Darwinism and Darwinists.
• Horatio Alger books told that virtue, honesty,
  and industry were rewarded by success, wealth,
  and honor
• Walt Whitman was one of the old writers who still
  remained active, publishing revisions of his
  hardy perennial Leaves of Grass.
• Emily Dickinson was a famed hermit of a poet
  whose poems were published after her death.

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Literary Landmarks

• Kate Chopin wrote about adultery, suicide, and
  womens ambitions in The Awakening.
• Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) wrote many books,
  including The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The
  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (controversial due
  to its language and subjects), The Gilded Age
  (hence the term given to the era of corruption
  after the Civil War).
• William Dean Howells became editor in chief of
  the Atlantic Monthly and wrote about ordinary
  people and sometimes-controversial social themes.
  
• Stephen Crane wrote about the seamy underside of
  life in urban, industrial America (prostitutes,
  etc...) in such books like Maggie Girl of the
  Street.
• He also wrote The Red Bad of Courage, a tale
  about a Civil War soldier.
• Henry James wrote Daisy Miller and Portrait of a
  Lady, often making women his central characters
  in his novels and exploring their personalities.
• Jack London wrote about the wild unexplored
  regions of wilderness in The Call of the Wild and
  The Iron Heel.
• Frank Norriss The Octopus exposed the corruption
  of the railroads.
• Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnutt, two
  Black writers, used Black dialect and folklore in
  their poems and stores, respectively.

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The New Morality

• Victoria Woodhull proclaimed free love, and
  together with her sister, Tennessee Claflin, she
  wrote Woodhull and Claflins Weekly, which
  shocked readers with exposés of affairs, etc
• The new morality reflected sexual freedom in
  the increase of birth control, divorces, and
  frank discussion of sexual topics.

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Artistic Triumphs

• James Whistler and John Singer Sargent went to
  Europe to learn art.
• Mary Cassatt painted sensitive portraits of women
  and children.
• George Inness became Americas leading
  landscapist.
• Winslow Homer was the most famous realist.
• Music reached new heights with the erection of
  opera houses and the emergence of jazz.
• Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, which
  allowed the reproduction of sounds that could be
  heard by listeners.
• Henry H. Richardson was another fine architect
  whose Richardsonian architecture was famed
  around the country.
• The Columbian Exposition in 1893 displayed many
  architectural triumphs.

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The Lackawanna Valleyby George Inness
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Whistlers Mother (1871)by James Whistler
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John Singer Sargent
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Mary Cassatt
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Winslow Homer
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Richardsonian Romanesque Five Oaks, Massillon
(1892-1894)
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Richardsonian Romanesque The Case Mansion
(Market Street)
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The Business of Amusement

• Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey teamed in
  1881 to stage the Greatest Show on Earth (now
  the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus).
  
• Wild West shows, like those of Buffalo Bill
  Cody (and the markswoman Annie Oakley) were
  ever-popular, and baseball and football became
  popular as well.
• Wrestling gained popularity and respectability.
• In 1891, James Naismith invented basketball.