Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

1
Foreign Policy in the Early 1960s

• Angela Brown
• Chapter 28 Section 3

2
Learning Targets

1. Describe the United States role in the Bay of
   Pigs invasion.
2. Analyze the events leading to the building of the
   Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
3. Outline the goals of Kennedys Alliance for
   Progress and the Peace Corps.
4. Summarize Johnsons foreign policy.

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The Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Fidel Castro overthrew U.S. backed dictator
  Fulgencio Batista in 1959.
• Castro took over private property, including U.S.
  corporations in Cuba.
• U.S. broke diplomatic relations Castro turned
  to Soviet Union.

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Cuba, Fidel, Raul
http//img.timeinc.net/time/daily/2006/0608/raul_f
idel0801.jpg
http//www.m-w.com/maps/images/maps/cuba_map.gif
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• U.S. feared Cuba a model for revolutionary
  upheaval in Latin America.
• President Kennedy learned of a plan of President
  Eisenhowers.
• CIA was training Cuban opponents of Castro in
  Guatemala.
• The Cubans rebels planned to invade Cuba.

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Guatamala
http//www.lonelyplanet.com/mapimages/central_amer
ica/guatemala/guatemala.gif
http//news.bbc.co.uk/olmedia/1235000/images/_1235
128_cuba_bay_of_pigs_map150.gif
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• Kennedy Administration expected Cuban people to
  use opportunity to help overthrow Castro.
• Resistance surfaced Kennedy accepted advice of
  CIA, Joint Chiefs of staff and Secretary of
  Defense and pushed ahead.
• April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion was a total
  disaster.

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Bay of Pigs Invasion
http//www.k12.nf.ca/gc/SocialStudies/whist3201/Wo
rld20History/MMartin/bay_of_pigs.jpg
http//images.google.com/imgres?imgurlhttp//www.
latinamericanstudies.org/bay-of-pigs/kennedy-2506-
flag.jpgimgrefurl http//www.latinamericanstudie
s.org/baypigs.htmh580w743sz149hlenstart3
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• Air strike failed to destroy Cubas air power
  Cubans were able to keep U.S. backed troops from
  coming ashore.
• Kennedy refused to use U.S. planes to provide air
  cover for the 1500 Cuban soldiers accepted
  defeat

10

• U.S. lost prestige nations support to
  overthrow another nations government was exposed
  to world.
• Latin Americans were angered it violated
  agreements not to interfere in Western
  Hemisphere.
• European leaders concerned about the kind of
  leadership the new president planned to provide.

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The Berlin Crisis

• Soviets demanded a peace treaty to make the
  division of Berlin permanent goal to cut off
  flow of East Germans escaping to West Germany
  through Berlin.
• Kennedy feared Soviet plan to take over rest of
  Europe.
• 1961 Kennedy Khrushchev meeting in Vienna
  Austria.

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Kennedy and Khrushchev
http//teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/000001b2
.jpg
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• Khrushchev gave Kennedy a public ultimatum
  regarding Germany Kennedy felt bullied.
• At home Kennedy asked Congress for 3 billion for
  defense.
• He doubled draftees, called up reserves for
  active service and sought 200 million to build
  fallout shelters across country U.S. had to be
  prepared if crisis led to nuclear war.

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• Soviets responded by building the Berlin wall in
  1961
• The wall became somber symbol of Cold War.
• Soviets had found a way to avoid a showdown over
  East Berlin.

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Construction of the Berlin Wall
http//www.cs.utah.edu/hatch/images/europe/berlin
.buildwall.jpg
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Berlin Wall

• Berlin Wall 75 miles around West Berlin and
  separated West Berlin from East Berlin over a 28
  mile stretch.
• It was torn down Nov. 9, 1989 and Germany was
  reunified one year later.

http//www.destination360.com/europe/germany/image
s/s/germany-berlin-wall.jpg
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The Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1962 photos from U.S. spy planes showed Soviets
  building missile bases on Cuban soil.
• Kennedy convinced missiles in Cuba presented a
  direct challenge.
• JFK ordered U.S. forces on full alert.
• Bombers and missiles on both sides armed with
  nuclear weapons U.S. soldiers prepared to invade
  Cuba.

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http//observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/exhibits/history/
graphics/history_missile.gif
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Photographs showed
http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/spiesfly/images/phot_
1962_cmissilecrisis.jpg
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Missile Site Map
http//www.atomicarchive.com/History/coldwar/image
s/Missilesitemap.jpg
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Conflicting Thoughts

• Robert, Attorney General argued against knocking
  out missiles.
• Sec of State Dean Acheson argued to destroy them.

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Course of Action

• Oct 22 JFK on TV told public about missiles and
  demanded Soviets remove missiles.
• He authorized a naval quarantine around Cuba
  to prevent Soviets from bring more missiles to
  Cuba. (couldnt call it blockade blockade is
  an act of war)

http//www.historyplace.com/speeches/speechgfx/jfk
-cuban.jpg
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Quarantine
http//history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/NDhistory/Les
sonImages/modified20pics/cuban20missile20crisis
201.jpg
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wpost.gif
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• Oct. 24 quarantine began.
• Oct 25 Soviet ship crossed line stopped by Navy
  and was allowed to proceed only carrying oil
• Other Soviet ships headed toward Cuba reversed
  direction Khrushchev called them back.
• Oct 26 Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy
  stating the Soviets would withdraw missiles if
  U.S. ended quarantine and stayed out of Cuba.

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• 2nd letter the next day demanded U.S. remove
  missiles from Turkey in exchange.
• U.S. accepted terms of first letter and ignored
  the second.
• The World was closer than ever to nuclear war
  Kennedy emerged a hero.
• Crisis lead to efforts to reduce risk of nuclear
  war.

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• Kennedy/Khrushchev established hotline for
  immediate discussion in event of crisis.
• 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty banned nuclear
  testing above ground which eliminated nuclear
  fallout. It still permitted underground testing.

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Moving Out???
http//www.gwu.edu/nsarchiv/nsa/cuba_mis_cri/46.j
pg
28
http//cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw3584.gi
f
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The Alliance for Progress

• 1961 Alliance for progress created a vast
  cooperative effort to satisfy basic needs of
  North, Central, and South American people for
  homes, work, land, health, and schools.
• Administration pledged 20 million over 19 years.

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Bogota school for 22,000
http//www.icdc.com/paulwolf/colombia/alianzas.jp
g
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• Latin American questioned benefits of alliance
  viewed it as tool of U.S. to stop spread of
  communism alliance never lived up to Kennedys
  expectations.

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The Peace Corps

• 1961 Peace Corps new program send volunteers
  abroad as educators, health workers, and
  technicians to help developing nations around the
  world

http//media.newsnetnebraska.org/vimages/shared/vn
ews/stories/s-44039a502eb91-70-1.jpg
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Johnsons Foreign PolicyThe Dominican Republic

• 1965 military backed government of Dominican
  Republic attacked by rebels.
• Johnson feared for safety of U.S. citizens living
  there.
• Argued wrongly that communist to blame and sent
  22,000 marines to Dominican, which tipped the
  balance away from the rebels.
• Provisional government backed by U.S. put in
  place elections were held the following year.

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http//www.hispaniola.com/dominican_republic/xmaps
/hispaniola_in_america.jpg
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Vietnam

• 1963 JFK had 16,000 military advisers in South
  Vietnam and was contributing economic aid.
• Johnson opposed more direct involvement in 1964
  campaign for president.
• Soon he could not tolerate letting communists
  take South Vietnam.
• 1965 American involvement in conflict deepened.

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http//www.veteranshour.com/vietnam.jpg
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Exit Slip

• After Kennedy authorized a military buildup to
  show that the United States would not be bullied
  by the Soviet Union, the Soviets.
• As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Describe the major guiding principles behind the
  foreign policies of Kennedy and Johnson?
• Kennedy believed he could encourage stability in
  Latin America by