Ch. 7-1: Cell Structure

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Ch. 7-1 Cell Structure

• How were cells discovered?
• What defines cell shape and size?
• What enables eukaryotes to perform more
  specialized functions than prokaryotes do?
• Cells are the basic unit of life.
• By studying cells, biologists can better
  understand lifes processes

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Cells and their discovery

• Cells are the smallest units of matter that can
  be living
• Characteristics of living include take in
  energy, highly organized, reproduce, homeostasis,
  adapt, respond, grow and made of cells
• Cells are composed of C,H,N,O,P,S often arranged
  into macromolecules
• Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

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Persons involved in discovery

• Anton von Leeuwenhoek microscope
• Robert Hooke term cell
• Robert Brown nucleus
• M. Schleiden all plants have cells
• T. Schwann all animals have cells
• R. Virchow cells from other cells

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Diversity of cells

• Human body has at least 200 types of cells
  (within our trillions of cells)
• Size
• Can be meters long, but only mm thick
• Surface area to volume ratio limits size,
  inefficient if either too large or too small
• Shape
• Squamous, cuboidal, spherical
• Internal Organization
• Organelles little organ or organ like
• Cell Specialization

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Microscope Types

• Compound Light Microscope (CLM)
• Light through, stain, 2000x
• Stereo scope or Dissecting scope
• 3-D
• Electron Microscope
• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Genetic material
• And ribosomes
• Bacteria only
• Small
• Many have cell wall that is either carb (Gram)
  or lipid (Gram-)
• May have cilia or flagella
• Only 1 circular chromosome
• ( maybe some plasmids)
• No membrane-bound organelles

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Genetic material
• And ribosomes
• Plants, animals, protista and fungi
• Plants have CW cellulose and fungi have CW
  chitin, some protista have walls
• Variety of organelles and structures
• Many chromosomes in a NUCLEUS
• Lots of membrane bound organelles

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Cell Theory

• Cells are the basic structural and functional
  units of all living organisms
• All parts of all plants are made of cells
• All parts of all animals are made of cells
• All cells come from pre-existing cells
• Working document with new discoveries added as
  the technology becomes available. For instance
  viruses are not cells and we are trying to create
  cells. Accumulation of information since 1600s
  through electron microscopes

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Cell Membrane

• Refers to all membranes
• everywhere cells have them
• in all cells.
• Selectively permeable
• Certain substances are allowed to enter freely,
  some are carried across, some are rejected
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Two rows of lipid tails that face each other with
  phosphate head that are on the surfaces
• Fluid mosaic
• Proteins that are within membrane can migrate
• Integral proteins
• Peripheral proteins
• LOTS more on this in Chpt. 8

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Cytoplasm (aka protoplasm)

• Everything inside the cell membrane
• Just the liquid is called cytosol
• Cyto cell
• Mostly water
• Dissolved proteins, enzymes, amino acids,
  carbohydrates, salts, minerals, organic
  compounds
• Site of all chemical reactions
• parts within the cell are organelles

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7-2 Organelles

• What does the cytoskeleton do?
• How does DNA direct activity in the cytoplasm?
• What organelles participate in protein
  production?
• What is the role of vesicles in the cell?
• How do cells get energy?
• Knowing how cells work helps you
• understand how your body functions and
• what goes wrong when you get sick.

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Organelles USE your chart
(Chart will be a handout and on website)

• Mitochondrion
• Ribosome free and attached
• Endoplasmic reticulum smooth and rough
• Golgi apparatus/body
• Lysosome and peroxisomes
• Cytoskeleton microtubules and microfilaments
• Cilia and flagella
• Nucleus nuclear membrane, chromosomes and
  centrioles
• Cell wall
• Vacuoles food, water, pigment
• Plastids - Chloroplast, chromoplast and
  leukoplast
• Water vacuole in plants sometimes called
  tonoplast

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Sample PROTISTA
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7-3 From Cell to Organism

• What makes cells and organisms different?
• How are cells organized in a complex,
  multicellular organism?
• What makes an organism truly multicellular?
• Diverse cells have unique cells
• and cellular organization.

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Organization

• Unicellular organisms like bacteria and algae
  that are complete, but only one cell
• Colonial organisms function as a group with
  some division of labor, but no specialized
  tissues. Ex. volvox
• Multicellular organisms composed of many
  (thousands to billions) of cells that are
  organized around collections of specialized
  tissues

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Multicellular Organization

• Similar cells tissue
• Tissues doing a similar job organ
• Plants have reproductive, vegetative and ground
  tissue
• Organs then collect into organ systems to make
  the organism
• Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous (CNS,
  PNS), digestive, circulatory, respiratory,
  reproductive, excretory and endocrine. Also
  immune system and lymphatic system.

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Critical thinking questions leave space for
answersThese HW questions are due on ___________

• 1. Mature RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria.
  They are mostly membrane with hemoglobin. What is
  the advantage? __________
• 2. Coils of a radiator provide a huge surface
  area where heat is radiated into a room which
  organelle is similar? How is structure related to
  function? ______________________________________
• 3. What characteristic of eukaryotic cells gives
  them greater capacity for specialization than
  prokaryotic cells? ______________________
• 4. Livestock in the western US die after eating
  locoweed (Astragalus toanus). The chemical in the
  plant is poisonous. How does the plant keep from
  poisoning itself? ________________________________
  _
• 5. Explain the relationship between surface area
  and volume. ______

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Group Assignment describing and visualizing the
cells found in a variety of kingdoms. Due on
________________

• Make a presentation (power point) using GOOGLE
• Must have 7 slides
• Slides 2-6 must have a description of a kingdom
  (Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and
  Animalia)
• AND at least 4 images that show a representative
  visual description of the kingdom. (Plants cant
  be 4 trees)
• Slide 4 needs 4 images PLUS pictures of root,
  stem and leaf CELLS
• Slide 5 needs 4 images PLUS pictures of at least
  3 specific cells ( things like muscle and bone or
  blood)
• Slide 1 is everyones name
• Slide 7 is your works cited page with references
  and credit for images used
• Email finished presentation to brhodes_at_gl.k12.mi.u
  s