The American Revolution

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The American Revolution
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Enlightenment Review

• John Locke contract theory of government and
  natural rights, wrote Essay on Human
  Understanding
• Jean Jacques Rousseau government formed by the
  consent of the people, separation of church and
  state, wrote The Social Contract
• Baron de Montesquieu three branches of
  government, checks and balances, wrote Spirit of
  the Laws
• The Enlightenment was trying to pull people away
  from the church.

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The Great Awakening

• Renewed dependence on God
• Revivals were started to spread pietism
  (individuals devoutness and emotional union with
  God)

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The Great Awakening

• Was a religious response to the Enlightenment
  thinkers
• Central idea having an emotional experience
  that brings one closer to God

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Great Awakening Key People

• Jonathan Edwards New England preacher and
  philosopher who tried to scare people into being
  born again
• George Whitefield Philadelphia minister who
  warned people not to listen to ministers that had
  not been born again

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French and Indian War (1754-1763)

• 1740s the British and the French both wanted
  the Ohio River valley
• George Washington led the troops for the British,
  had to surrender (22 years old)

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French and Indian War

• Albany Conference the British urged the
  colonies to form an alliance with the Iroquois
• Iroquois refused but stated that they would stay
  neutral
• British would have one supreme commander in the
  colonies
• Albany Plan of Union wanted colonies to union
  to form a federal government (written by Benjamin
  Franklin) it was rejected

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French and Indian War

• 1755 - General Edward Braddock was the new
  British commander, Colonel George Washington was
  his aide
• The British were ambushed by French and Native
  forces, Braddock was killed, and Washington
  stepped up

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• This would go one for 2 years in the frontier,
  and then it would spread to Europe
• Became known as the SEVEN YEARS WAR
• Eventually became Spain, France, some natives vs.
  Britain
• Britain invaded Spains colonies of Cuba the
  Philippines

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

• Formally ended the war
• Eliminated French power in North America
• New France and Louisiana east of the Mississippi
  River (except for New Orleans) was turned over to
  Britain
• To get Cuba and the Philippines back, Spain would
  give Britain Florida

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Review Reasons for establishing the colonies

• Religious freedom (King controlled church)
• Escape poverty (unemployment)
• Escape oppression (King too powerful)
• Mercantilism (theory that government power
  depends on its wealth)

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After the French and Indian War..

• The British were in debt from efforts to win the
  war and thought the colonies should have to pay
  for part of the war
• WAS THAT FAIR?

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Proclamation Act of 1763

• Colonists were beginning to try to establish land
  further into Native territory
• Natives, led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, attacked
  colonial land and homes

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• King George did not want to pay for another war,
  especially over something that the colonies
  started
• He issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 drew a
  line North to South of the Appalachians and said
  that colonists could not settle west of the line
  without permission from the king
• Where they happy about this?

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Customs Duties

• Customs duties were taxes on imports and exports
• The British government thought that the colonists
  were not charging enough and were allowing too
  many smugglers through
• The British government passes a law saying that
  smugglers would be sent to Nova Scotia (no jury,
  no common law)
• Arrested for smuggling John Hancock, who was
  represented in court by a young lawyer named John
  Adams

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Sugar Act (1764)

• Tax on sugar, molasses, silk, wine, coffee, etc.
• The colonies said that it hurt trade
• British government could also seize goods without
  due process

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• James Otis claimed that they should not be taxed
  if they had no representation in the British
  government
• No taxation without representation!

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Stamp Act (1765)

• Tax on all printed materials (newspapers,
  pamphlets, posters, wills, mortgages, deeds,
  licenses, diplomas, dice, playing cards, etc.)
• First tax to be direct straight at the colonies

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Quartering Act (1765)

• If you did not house troops in your home, you
  would have to pay their rent somewhere else

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• The Sons of Liberty participated in meetings and
  demonstrations against new taxes

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• Stamp Act Congress organized boycotts of
  British goods
• Britain repealed the Stamp Act (1 yr. later)
  after losing money
• In its place, they passed the Declaratory Act
  Parliament could make all laws for the colonies.

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The Townshend Acts (1767)

• Introduced by Charles Townshend
• Main act Revenue Act of 1767 customs duties
  on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported
  into the colonies

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• The Townshend Acts also legalized the writs of
  assistance general search warrants that allowed
  officers to enter your home in search of
  smugglers

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• John Dickinson wrote Letters from a Pennsylvania
  Farmer
• Sam Adams and James Otis would start the
  circular letter saying that the money was being
  used to pay government salaries

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• Britain ordered the Massachusetts assembly to be
  dissolved
• Boston, New York, and Philadelphia soon signed
  documents saying that they would no longer buy
  imports from Britain

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• Virginias House of Burgesses (led by George
  Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Patrick Henry)
  passed the Virginia Resolves saying that Virginia
  was the only people who could tax Virginians.
• Britain ordered the House of Burgesses to be shut
  down
• These men would form a convention and also
  boycott British goods

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Boston Massacre (1770)

• Colonists were throwing rocks and snowballs at
  British troops (led by Captain Thomas Preston)
• Shots were fired, but the stories differed on who
  shot first and who said fire

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• 5 would die and 6 were wounded
• First person killed an African/Native American
  named Crispus Attucks
• WHO WAS TO BLAME?

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• The Townshend Acts would be repealed, except for
  the tax on tea!

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• The colonies remained pretty calm for the next
  two years after the Boston Massacre and the
  repeal of the Townshend Acts.

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• 1772 Gaspee affair British ship that
  patrolled the North American border, would search
  ships without warrants/colonists seized and
  burned the ship
• Jefferson set up the committee of correspondence
  to communicate with other colonies about what the
  British were doing would unify the colonies

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• 1773 Lord North passed the Tea Act to help the
  British East India Company sell their tea.
• With the help from the tax, the British tea could
  be sold at a lower price than the smuggled tea.

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• In late 1773, the British shipped tea to four
  major ports. The committee of correspondence
  spread to word to not let the tea reach land
• New York Pennsylvania forced ships to return
  to Britain
• Charleston seized the tea and stored it in a
  warehouse

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• Boston 150 men dressed as Indians and dumped
  342 cases of tea in the Boston harbor
• Thousands cheered from the dock

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• In response, Britain passed the Coercive Acts
  (1774)
• Bostons port would close until they paid for the
  tea
• All officials in Massachusetts would be appointed
  by the King
• Trials of British soldiers would be transferred
  to Britain
• Town meetings banned
• Colonist had to provide housing to the 2,000
  troops coming in to keep order (Led by General
  Thomas Gage)

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• Quebec Act king appointed leadership in Quebec
  and gave them more land (modern day Ohio,
  Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin)
• Together, these will called the INTOLERABLE ACTS

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The First Continental Congress

• Patrick Henry called for war
• 55 delegates (all colonies except Georgia),
  mostly split between war and compromise

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• Passed the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
  declared loyalty to the king but boycotted
  British goods because of the Coercive Acts
• Adjourned and would meet again in one year if
  there was still a problem with the British
• Main Patrick Henry, George Washington, John
  Adams, Samuel Adams, John Jay, John Dickinson

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• Redcoats British soldiers
• Minutemen Concord men who would stand at a
  minutes warning in case of alarm

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• Loyalists Americans who backed the British
  (also known as Tories)
• Patriots (or Whigs) rebelled against the British

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• April 1775 the British ordered General Thomas
  Gage to arrest the Massachusetts Provincial
  Congress, but he didnt know where to find it.
  So he decided to seize the supply warehouse at
  Concord.

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• 700 British troops headed to Concord along a road
  that passed a town called Lexington.

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• Paul Revere and William Dawes spread the word to
  Lexington The British are coming!
• After warning, the two men with Dr. Samuel
  Prescott, went to warn Concord. Revere and Dawes
  were stopped by the British, but Prescott got
  through.

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• When they reached Lexington, the British were met
  by 70 minutemen. The minutemen were ordered to
  disperse and were actually leaving when a single
  shot was fired. The British fired back killing 8
  and wounding 10 minutemen.
• BRITISH VICTORY

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• Then the British headed to Concord, they ran into
  400 colonial soldiers and retreated. They began
  heading back to Boston but the colonial militia
  began firing from behind trees and houses. The
  militia would surround the British and trap them
  in Boston.
• AMERICAN VICTORY

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• Colonial Death Toll

• British Death Toll

• Dead 94
• Wounded - 213

• Dead 273
• Wounded 174

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Shot Heard Round the World
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2nd Continental Congress

• Decided to adopt the militia that had the
  British surrounded and name it the Continental
  Army
• General and Commander in Chief George Washington

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• Before Washington could get to his new army, the
  British sent 2,200 troops up to Breeds Hill
• Colonial commander named William Prescott said
  Dont fire until you see the whites of their
  eyes!

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• The colonial army was waiting and when the
  British got within 50 yards, they opened fire
  they held off two waves of the British but had to
  retreat after running out of ammo
• This was called the BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL
• 1,000 British deaths

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• American army new confidence
• British army new leaders.. Thomas Gage
  resigned and William Howe took over

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Olive Branch Petition

• July 1775 John Dickinson wrote The Olive Branch
  Petition declaring loyalty to the King and asked
  for him to call off soldiers things could be
  worked out peacefully

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• At the same time, a group of Patriots raided
  Quebec to try to get the French to help them not
  successful

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• The King refused and said that their would be no
  compromise.
• The Patriots began negotiating with the Natives
  for help.

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• The Patriots seized control of Boston when the
  British were evacuated
• The King shut down all trade with the colonies
  and ordered a naval blockade
• The British hired 30,000 German soldiers

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• 1776 Thomas Paine published Common Sense

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• But where says some is the King of America? I'll
  tell you Friend, he reigns above, and doth not
  make havoc of mankind like the Royal Brute of
  Britain...let it be brought forth placed on the
  divine law, the word of God let a crown be
  placed thereon, by which the world may know, that
  so far as we approve of monarchy, that in America
  THE LAW IS KING.
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

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• Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for
  separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping
  voice of nature cries, 'tis time to part.
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

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• The Sun never shined on a cause of greater worth.
  
• Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776

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• July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence
  was issued
• Complete independence from British
• To be called the United States of America
• Officially started the American Revolution

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• We hold these truths to be self-evident that all
  men are created equal that they are endowed by
  their Creator with certain inalienable rights
  that among these are life, liberty, and the
  pursuit of happiness.

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• We must all hang together, or most assuredly we
  shall all hang separately. Benjamin Franklin

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Strengths and Weaknesses
Colonial Advantages British Advantages
Fighting on home ground guerilla warfare Well-trained, well supplied army and navy
Good decisions by generals Wealth of resources
Fighting for rights and freedoms Strong central government
French alliance loans, navy, troops
Colonial Disadvantages British Disadvantages
Untrained soldiers small army Fighting in unfamiliar, hostile territory
Food and ammo shortages Fighting far away from Britain and resources
Weak divided central government Troops indifferent not much support at home
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Battles 23 total battles in the American
Revolution

• Lexington/Concord
• Bunker Hill
• Both prior to Declaration of Independence

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Battle of Long Island - 1776

• Washington fled because of being outnumbered,
  took army to New York
• When followed, Washington fled New York
• New York became the British headquarters for the
  rest of the war
• Both considered British victories

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• Washington sent Captain Nathan Hale to spy on the
  British
• Hale was disguised as a Dutch schoolteacher
• Captured and hanged
• Last words I only regret that I have but one
  life to lose for my country.

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Battle of White Plains Oct. 1776

• Washington forced to retreat AGAIN
• British headed to Philadelphia where the
  Continental Congress was meeting
• It became a race between the British and Patriots
  

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• As winter approached, fighting stopped
• Harsh conditions and scarce food
• Armies usually agreed not to fight in the winter

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Thomas Paine writes An American crisis

• the harder the conflict, the more glorious the
  triumph
• These are the times that try mens souls.

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Battle of Trenton

• Washington was about to do something drastic
• On Dec. 25, 1776, Washington led 2,400 men across
  the icy Delaware River
• Captured/killed 1,000 Hessians (British aide)
• Continental victory

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Battle of Princeton Jan. 3, 1777

• Washington leads his army to Princeton, holding
  off and defeating three groups of the British
  army
• Continental victory
• Raised the morale of the Americans

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Battle of Brandywine Creek Sept. 1777

• British General Howe wanted to capture
  Philadelphia and the Continental Congress
• Defeated Washington and captured Philadelphia
• Continental Congress escaped

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Valley Forge

• Washingtons army settled in Valley Forge for the
  winter
• Bad conditions, little food 2,500 left dead
• Washington gets training for his men from two
  Europeans
• Marquis de Lafayette French
• Baron Friedrich von Steuben - Prussia

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Battle of Saratoga

• British General Burgoyne took 8,000 troops into
  New York
• British were being helped by the Iroquois Indians
• Burgoyne ended up surrendering to American
  General Horatio Gates

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Because of Saratoga

• 1778 - French recognized America as an
  independent nation and allied with them for war
• Spain allied with the French, making them
  unofficial allies with America

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• The Americans and the French began seizing
  British ships and taking their cargo

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• Dec. 1778 British seized Savannah, GA
• May 1780 British seized Charles Towne, SC
• New British Commander General Charles Cornwalis

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Battle of Kings Mountain

• The British, led by Banastre Tarleton (Tavington
  in The Patriot) and Patrick Ferguson, tried to
  take over the Appalachian Mountains
• Defeated by the wild mountainmen
• Southerners started creating their own militias
  against the British

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• American General Nathanial Greene organized
  hit-and-run raids on the British
• Many led by Francis Marion, known as the Swamp
  Fox (Benjamin Martin or the ghost in The
  Patriot)

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The Battle of Yorktown

• The British, led by Cornwalis, wanted to invade
  Virginia because that was where the French were
  sending in supplies

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• Benedict Arnold American general who sold info
  to the British. When discovered, he fled to
  Great Britain and joined their military

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• Cornwalis and Arnold were demolishing Virginia
  until they came across American General Anthony
  Wayne
• The British retreated to Yorktown, Virginia

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• Washington ordered all military to surround
  Yorktown
• Washingtons aide Alexander Hamilton

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• October 19, 1781 Cornwalis and the British
  surrendered

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Treaty of Paris

• September 3, 1783
• 1. The United States of America was an
  independent nation (border Mississippi River)
• 2. Florida went back to Spain
• 3. African colonies and the Caribbean went to
  Spain

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• From the list below select 7of the events,
  people, or occurrences from American History and
  in the three-step procedure of
• 1) providing an approximate DATE
• 2) and appropriate ILLUSTRATION
• 3) an insightful ANNOTATION create a visual
  timeline of America from 1776-1783. Dates do not
  have to be exact, illustrations do not have to be
  perfect, and annotations do not have to be
  overly-lengthy. However, you must demonstrate a
  meaningful understanding of the content material,
  and its context and chronology.
•  Battles/Events
• Princeton Brandywine Creek Bunker Hill
• Saratoga Lexington/Concord Valley Forge
• Kings Mountain Trenton White Plains
• Yorktown New York City Long
  Island

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Total Casualties

• British

• Americans

• Around 24,000 killed or wounded
• 375.6 million

• Around 27,000 killed or wounded
• 151 million

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The American Revolution How it Changed Society

• Republic power resides with a body of citizens
  who vote in their representatives

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• Each state needed a written constitution

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Role of Women

• Running the family and household
• Spies and couriers
• Cooking and nursing on the battlefield
• Some took up arms
• After the war schools for girls established and
  literacy increased

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Role of African Americans

• Fought in the American Revolution
• Freed if served for the Continental Army
• Led to the increased demand of emancipation

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What happened to the LOYALIST?

• They fled!
• To England, or British controlled North America
  (modern day Canada)