Chapter 7: Crisis and Absolutism in Europe

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Chapter 7 Crisis and Absolutism in Europe
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7.1 Europe in Crisis The Wars of Religion

• French Wars of Religion
• By 1560, Calvinism and Catholicism had become
  militant aggressive in trying to win converts
  and in eliminating each others authority
• French Wars of Religion (Civil War) Between the
  Huguenots and the Catholics
• Huguenots (Bourbons) minority but made up 40-50
  of nobility
• Catholics make up majority party-
  ultra-Catholics recruit and pay for large armies

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• War goes on 30 years, 1589 Henry of Navarre
  (Bourbon) succeeded to he throne realizes a
  Protestant would never be accepted as king
  converts to Catholicism fighting comes to an end

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• Edict of Nantes recognized Catholicism as the
  official religion of France but allowed Huguenots
  the right to worship and the right to enjoy all
  political privileges

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Philip II and Militant Catholicism

• Philip II inherited Spain, the Netherlands, and
  possessions in Italy and the Americas from his
  father Charles V
• Phillip insisted absolute rule and strict
  conformity to Catholicism
• Phillip tried to crush Calvinism in the Spanish
  Netherlands 1566, Calvinist destroyed statues in
  Catholic churches Phillip sent 10,000 troops to
  put down the rebellion resistance continued
  until 1609 under the leadership of William the
  Silent after the truce the northern provinces
  began to call themselves the United Provinces of
  the Netherlands
• 1598, Phillips reign ended treasury was
  bankrupt from fighting wars government
  inefficient armed forces out of date result
  power in Europe shifts to England and France.

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Philip II
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The England of Elizabeth

• Elizabeth Tudor became the leader of protestant
  nations in Europe.
• Elizabeth I repealed laws favoring Catholic
  allowed religious tolerance, but the Church of
  England remained protestant.
• Phillip II prepared to attack England and restore
  Catholicism the armada that set sail in 1588 was
  too small and ill equipped to be able to defeat
  the English after a few encounters with the
  English the Spanish retreated many Spanish ships
  sank in a storm

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Spanish Armada
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Section 7.2 Social Crisis, War, and Revolution

• 4. Economic and Social Crisis
• A. major problem was inflation caused by
• 1) gold and silver coming from the
• Americas and
• 2) population increase causes an
• increase in demand for all goods
• both drive prices up

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5. The Witchcraft Trials

• A. The same religious zeal that led to the hunt
  of heretics also led to the hunt of witches.
• B. 16th and 17th Centuries, approximately 100,000
  people were charged with witchcraft in Europe.

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The Accused

• People who were poor and without property were
  most
• often accused. 75 were women single or
  widowed over 50 yrs. Under intense torture,
  they confessed
• C. By 1650, witchcraft hysteria begun to lessen
  because people found it unreasonable to believe
  in the old view of a world haunted by evil
  spirits.

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The Witchcraft Trials
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Tombstones of the Victims
I have no hand in witchcraft.
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I am no witch! I am innocent! I know
nothing of it!
If it was the last moment I was to live, God
knows I am innocent!
I am wronged! It is a shameful thing that you
should mind these folks that are out of their
wits.
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Village of Salem

• The house at 'Olde Burying Point'

Judge Corwins House
The House of Seven Gables
The house at the Old Burying Point
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Gallows Hill
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6. The Thirty Years War

• A. Takes place in the Holy Roman Empire several
  small separate states states paid little
  attention to their emperor Ferdinand, inherited
  from brother Charles V
• B. War starts over religion Northern states
  protestant Southern states Catholic led by the
  Hapsburgs
• C. Soon the war turned political
• - France joins Sweden in fighting the
  Catholic Hapsburgs

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• D. Peace of Westphalia ends the war. Terms
• - all German states could choose their
  own religion
• - 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire are
  recognized as independent ends Holy Roman Empire
• - France gains territory from Germany
  and Spain the Netherlands wins independence.

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7. Revolution in England

• A. The Stuarts and Divine Right
• - Elizabeth I dies no heir throne passes
  to her cousin James I of England (James VI of
  Scotland) He joins crowns calls them Great
  Britain
• James believed in divine right parliament
  assumed they ruled England with the king or
  queen Tudors had

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James I of England
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• The Puritans wanted to make The Church of England
  more protestant problem begins in James I reign,
  but becomes a conflict in Charles I reign

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• Charles believes in divine right parliament
  passes a petition the king raising taxes without
  the consent of Parliament put limits on the
  kings power he doesnt accept petition
• Charles tries to impose more rituals on the
  Church of England Puritans who could not accept
  these religious policies chose to go to America

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B. Civil War and the Commonwealth

• - Civil War fought between the
  Cavaliers\Royalist
• supporters of the king and the Roundheads
  they were led by Oliver Cromwell parliament
• Cromwell was a military genius put together the
  New Model Army made up mostly of puritans
  soldiers were well disciplined and trained in new
  military tactics result Roundheads win the war
• Cromwell purged parliament of members who did not
  support him had Charles I executed made England
  a commonwealth eventually set up a military
  dictatorship

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Oliver Cromwell
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C. Restoration

• Cromwell dies in 1658, parliament restores the
  throne to Charles II
• Charles II (sympathetic) and his brother James
  (outright) were catholic therefore parliament
  debated the Exclusion Bill barred professed
  Catholics from the throne created two political
  groups 1. the Whigs wanted to excluded James
  and 2. the Tories did not want to interfere
  with lawful succession to the throne later they
  become political parties
• Charles dismisses parliament in 1861 dies in
  1865 James II a devout Catholic becomes king
  James appoints Catholic to all top positions

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Charles II
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D. A Glorious Revolution

• A. A group of English noblemen invited William
  of Orange to invade England and take the throne
  because they are protestant Williams wife, Mary
  is James II daughter they raised an army and
  invaded England took the throne with almost no
  bloodshed James and his family fled to France
  Becomes known as the Glorious Revolution

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• Parliament offered William and Mary the
  throne only if they would accepted the English
  Bill of Rights they do destroys the
  divine-right theory of kingship

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Bill of Rights

• - Parliament has the right to make laws and levy
  taxes (Amendment 16)
• - armies could only be raised by
  parliament (Legislative Branch)
• - citizens had the right to bear arms and
  the right to a jury trial
• (Amendment 2 and 6)
• - created a limited monarch king rules
  with laws and parliament is elected. (Executive
  Branch)

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• Toleration Act of 1689 granted puritans, not
  Catholics, the right of free worship