D e s e r t

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M a k i b a
D e s e r t
M o n s o o n
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Mugi-area
Grass species with annual habit that adapt to
semi-dry zone including wheat, barley and oat.
400mm ann. rainfall
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?
D e s e r t
M o n s o o n (summer-rain area)
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Tenshan mountains
Tarim basin
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Shaohe site
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DNA archaeology
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Application of a restrict enzyme,
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6X
4X
gel
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Diploid Tetraploid Hexaploid
Require-ment of water and fertilizer
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Calculation
Wheat consumption
100-150kg / capita / year
Population in Loulan
17000
Productivity
0.2-1t / ha
Required area
1700-12750 ha
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Much water was available 3000years ago
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A cow consumes 3.3 tons of grass per year (S.
Kanae, personal communication)
Yield of grassland ca. 0.4 - 4 tons per hectare
A cow requires ca. 0.8-8 hectare of grassland
Minimum Population Size1000-2000
Required area for cow 800-16000 hectare
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28000ha
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Question History of desertification Mechanisms
of desertification
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Literatures
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In the 4th century of Loulan kingdom, food
shortage became serious due to population
increase. Therefore, humans begun double
cropping that caused saline-soil problems due to
inappropriate irrigation (Yamada, 2005)
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In a kingdom he visited, more than 4000 monks
lived
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From S. Hedin (1934)
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20km
Shaohe
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492050yrs
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20km
Shaohe
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20km
Shaohe
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Map around 3000 4000 yrs. BP.
Map around 3000 4000 yrs.BP
Mugi Zone
Rice zone
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• Conclusion
• Takramakan desert has been wetland that wheat
  agriculture and stock-farming practiced.
• A kingdom in this area, Loulan (ca.1600-2400BP.)
  had fertile land of at least ca. 17 sq.km for
  wheat, and 8sq.km for cattle.
• Desertification of Takramakan desert was caused
  at least partly by human activities, such as
  heavy irrigation or waste of water.

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Chemicals
Breeding
Irrigation
Loss of Species-diversity
Epidemic
Genetic erosion
Problem soils
Water problems
Climate change
Desertification
Deforest
Epidemic (humans)
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